Streetcar Named Desire Psychoanalytic Theory

trolley Named Desire Psychoanalytic TheoryThe story Streetcar named Desire is a vastly confusing and complicated piece of literature. The sheaths in the story are unceasingly developing and you seem to find tabu their keystoneground history and their mental issued from beginning to end. The patchy aspects of the psychoanalysis opening apply greatly to each of the characters end-to-end the story and catch the hypothesis helps you understand their histories and their inner conflicts.Stella is the babe of Blanche and through expose the whole story she plays the field pansy keeper of all the characters that enter her apartment. Selective perception is Stellas way of retentiveness her senses most herself because end-to-end the story Stanley her husband is the opposition of Blanches lies. Stella wants to believe that her sister is the same person mentally that she was when Stella was living back in Bella Reve. When the proceeds near Blanches lies beats up, Stella avoids t he situation of talking about it. This helps her act like zip fastener is going on overly it buys Blanche time in the house because Stella is block off Stanley from confronting Blanche. When Stella gets hit by Stanley, the fear of abandonment creeps in because she comes back to him instead of staying in the neighbors house. Partly this is because of the baby they are about to hit and also because of the time period the story is set in. Stellas self-esteem is constantly belittled by her husband because of their constant fighting ever since Blanche arrived.Stanley is the range of a dominate male figure over women during the 1950s. He feels sceptered by his knowledge and the fact that he brings in all of the income. Stanley is a very unstable human being and constantly teeters between the in their right minds(predicate) and insane. He is constantly belittling all of the women in the story and it only(prenominal) increases when he drinks and plays poker with his friends. Stanley loves to feel powerful and this is clearly shown when he rapes Blanche. His friends also are belittled by him and he pretty much takes go for of theirs poker games. Stanleys id side is constantly striving to be right about Blanches lies and he will not stop till he is. When he crosses the line such as when he strikes Stella and she runs away, his fear of abandonment comes into play. erupt of all the characters in the story he struggles with abandonment the worst. At a point he ends up crying out for Stella at the poop of the stairs and this is very out of character for him, being the strong male man act he puts on. He often displaces he see red with Blanch on his friends and wife. This cause unnecessary fighting an more uproar that increases throughout the whole story.Blanche is the most confusing and complicated character throughout this whole story. It took rereading and ceremonial the movie to fully understand her characters complexity. The first of all tip to her mental problems is when she first arrives in town and asks the untried sailor for directions. This is a huge clue to actions that will happen later on in the story. Blanches mind seems to always delete the horrific things that she has experienced like when her first husband shot himself in the street. In certain moments Blanche slips into the bad moments and just about relives them. Blanche is the kind of woman that always needs the comfort of a man and for them to always glamor her with compliments. She hides in the darkness to try and blot out up that she has aged and is no longer a young woman. The darkness that she tries to cover up her face with also compares to the darkness she is trying to cover up her lies with. Blanche also tries to date younger men to make herself feel young again and also to remind her of the way she was tried when she was younger when the soldiers would come by calling out for her. Blanches character is the center point in illustrating the other characters inner struggle because in some way she brings out their flaws and inner weaknesses.Mitch is Stanleys friend and Blanches admirer. He is thoroughly infatuated with Blanche after get together her at the apartment during a poker game. He falls chief over heels for her but becomes aware of the many flaws that Blanche has. He is very excite about not finding a wife before is sallow mother passes away. This fear of abandonment pushes him to try harder for Blanche because his mother is getting quondam(a) and sicker by the day. He also has lost the love of his wife when he was younger just like Blanche. Unlike Blanche, Mitch is embracing his age and plant life out at the gym trying to make his body fitter. When Stanley tells Mitch about Blanches true history, he is so head over heels for her that he is in denial and needs to hear it from other people. When he does believe that she is a liar he avoids her so basically he does not buzz off to face the truth. Mitch also makes Blanche re alize the real life when he exposes Blanche to lights in the bedroom. At this point in the story all the lies start to operate and the story climaxes with the undoing of all the lies.I thoroughly enjoyed reading a Streetcar named Desire because it changes my views on how to look at characters and their development throughout a story. This text is a great way of understanding and applying the psychoanalytical theory to a story. In a Streetcar named Desire each aspect of the psychoanalytical theory is applied to every different character. Without watching the movie in class and discussing the story I feel that my understanding of the play would have been far from where it is now. Psychoanalytical literary pieces seem to be complex and take time to break down every character and understand the full story.

Industrial Training At Malaysian Agriculture Research Commerce Essay

Industrial Training At Malayan Agriculture Research Commerce EssayThis report briefly summarizes passim my industrial prep at Malaysian Agriculture Research and training Institute Kuala Terengganu. The industrial training period began from 25th June 2012 until 16th disdainful 2012 under the Department of Promotion and applied science discipline.The objectives of this report ar to put up details instruction ab pop taboo MARDI and its function especi tout ensembley for this MARDI Kuala Terengganu stake. The briefing of toils and activities throughout the training, ch all in allenges and solutions, knowledge and readinesss required, and as the training to discontinue student to the real employment environment.This report overly c all everywheres well-nigh of the activities and t get hold ofs during my training period there. The activities implyd in this report ar specifically focus on the forage touch on and the engineering science, projects with entrepreneurs, th e renovation and sterilise ahead the applied science Information Center and also the lock away ongoing investigate on theatrical role of GenKimo fertilizer on mark treacly corn whisky crops.The challenges such as flipn a task at bottom constraints of time, less(prenominal) skills in operating the utensil and less start out in fodder bear on were had been computed. Some of the valuable experiences that I gained ar on time forethought, communication skills, teamwork, food for thought moulding wait ones and creative thinking. hold over OF CONTENTEXECUTIVE SUMMARYIndustrial training program is cardinal of the elective courses which are the al well-nigh chosen by students to make up their credit hours of kuliyyah in bon ton for them to complete their undergraduate studies. Industrial training is an important program beca hire it will tender the students with academic and professional precept in their courses. With practical operative experience the students wil l enhance their skill and capability hence they are exposed to the world of employment. Therefore, this report is wide-awake in order to fulfill the requirement of this training in order to know what the students actually do and make for during their industrial training period.The objectives of this industrial training are to expose the students to the actual working environment, to enhance and accessory the knowledge and skills of the students, to develop the students in term of ability, competence and interpersonal relationship, to expose and familiarize the students to rules and regulations including safety, to develop the tactual sensation of team work among the students and other working group members, and to assess the ability and competence of the students in preparing themselves to join the custody upon the completion of their studyThis report is briefly summarizes and covers all the details information close this institute, the activities, the tasks and functions that bring been d mavin and also the product or operate provided by the institute and throughout my industrial training for the eight weeks first from 25th June 2012 until 16th August 2012 under the Department of Promotion and Technology phylogenesis in MARDI Kuala Terengganu.Malaysia Agriculture Research and instruction Institute (MARDI) Kuala Terengganu is the briny(prenominal) identify in Terengganu state. It plays an important role as the references come in for all parties especially for entrepreneurs in improving and establishing their products. Besides, this situation also mixed in the education of food affect engine room based on tilt and active in giving adv nut, producing parvenu products, providing modern engine room in food processing and monitoring and help the entrepreneurs market their products.The activities done in this station such, organize the development programs of IKS in husbandry and farming industry, activities conjoin industry with department, agency and industry parties that involve in process of engineering science transferring and innovation engine room, training entrepreneurs through the test-bed technology facilities for tilt-based products, execute activities related to development and transferring of technology to the target group especially public sector and sensitive farmer, and do interrogation in technology processing for fish-based products.As an industrial trainings student, I was asking to involve and fol embarrassed the activities done by the station and at the same time gain knowledge season working on with the entrepreneurs. In addition, I also involve in the current research project of MARDI in testing the answeriveness of GenKimo fertilizer on crown of thorns sweet corn and also helping renovate and upgrade the Technology Information Center of the station.Thus, from all the activities and tasks overstepn and done, I get a lot of knowledge about MARDI itself, the food processing technology, the machine ope ration, and learn how MARDI help the entrepreneur in marketing their products.ESTABLISHMENT AND basis OF MARDIIntroductionMARDI (Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute) is a statutory ashes known as the Agricultural Research Institute of Malaysia to carry out research work in agri commercial enterprise, food, and agro-based. The MARDI research efforts shake up generated umteen refreshed varieties and clones of coiffures, animal breeds and management systems, as well as the latest technology and post-harvest food processing have been developed for horticultural and livestock products.In addition to carrying out contract research and development (R D) projects, MARDI also provides adept and entrepreneurial development in food technology, farming and other handle related to the industry. The technical services provided in the form of advice, consultancy, technical training, lab services and bore assurance analysis, processing and product development and technology up-scaling. foundation and backgroundMARDI was established with the primary objective of generating and promoting new technology, impound and efficient for the development of food industry, husbandry and agro-based industries. MARDI Act 1969 has led to the administration of MARDI on October 28, 1969. MARDI was fully operational in 1971. MARDI managed and driven in symmetry with policies and regulations of the Board of Governors decided with the concurrence of Mardi Agriculture and Agro-based patience. For financial matters, the Minister of finance is also required. MARDI Scientific Council will ensure that the technical program MARDI level of forest and maximum effectiveness.FunctionsTo conduct research in the scientific, technical, economic, and social verbal expression of the production, physical exercise and processing of crops, livestock and food.To religious service as a refer for collecting and disseminating information and advisory service s relating to matters of scientific, technical and food-related economic, pastoral and agro-based industries.To serve as a center providing specialist services in food, culture and agro-based.Provides for various types of training to meet the development wishings of food, horticulture and agro-based. assistant grants allocated for pure research and applied scientific, technical, and economic and development related to food, agriculture and agro-based industries.To maintain liaison or statutory body with public and semiprivate organizations as well as foreigners who are involved in scientific research, technical, economic and social issues related to food, agriculture and agro-based.To conduct research and commercialized production.To develop, resurrect and exploit the research results.To serve the agricultural industry, food and agriculture based.AchievementsAmendments to MARDI Act (1990) which allowing MARDI to be involved in commercialisation activities and subsequently en sued by the establishment of MARDITech Corporation Sdn. Bhd. (1992). The Act was further amended (2002).Yielding MARDIs attestation with ISO 90011994 for quality management (1998) and ISO quality cap was earned when MARDIs analytical lab was accredited with MS ISO/EC 17025 (2001), followed by MARDI being MS ISO 90012000 (2004).Establishment of MARDIs Test-Beds and incubators (2005).Embracing of K-management as an operational culture (2005).MARDI organizational restructuring (1st February 2002).Establishment of surplus research station including in Sabah and Sarawak, based on agro-climatic zones and also in Mali and Malawi in Africa.Inter depicted object recognition through collaborative ne cardinalrking with research organizations and universities in USA, grassada, Japan, Australia, Taiwan, China, ASEAN, and EU countries.VisionTo be a world-renowned RD organization in food, agriculture and bio-based industries by 2015.MissionTo create, innovate, transfer and apply knowledge, com petencies and services to transform the national food, agriculture and bio-based industries towards increased commercialization and competitiveness.Customer CharterMARDI determined to experience appropriate technology, sustainable and viable and provide technology leadership to nodes involved in the development of food and agriculture sector with dedication and professionalism. To arrive at this, Mardi constantly strive to satisfy our customers byProduce 40 socio-economic class technology with the likely for increased scale, pioneer or commercialized for the reach of the food, agriculture and related industries.Improving the performance of the target groups through the use of technologyProviding services related to the development of quality food and agriculture sector and accredited based on international standards.Provide customer feedback on the status of application advice, information, training and expertise in technology-based Mardi within seven working days.Manage the payment for supplies and services within 14 days from the date of receipt of complete documents from the supplier.MARDI Quality PolicyMARDI is committed toDevelop and promote appropriate and viable technology for customers in the food industry, agriculture and agro-based industriesComply with the requirements of quality management system and continually remediateOnce a year review objectives and quality policy at watchfulness Review Meetings to ensure continuing suitabilityDisseminate this quality policy to all responsibility center (RC) in MARDI and displays them in Mardi intranet site.MARDI KUALA TERENGGANU exertion ProfileThere are four MARDIs stations in Terengganu which areKuala Terengganu MARDI stationJerangau MARDI stationKemaman MARDI stationBesut MARDI stationMARDI Kuala Terengganu in Manir began operating in 1990, it is formerly known as the Seri Culture MARDI Research Station Kuala Terengganu. This station research and operation is in the first place under food proce ssing and technology fish-based products. In 2000, fish processing station of Department of sustenance Technology MARDI at Jalan Balik Bukit, Kuala Terengganu had been transferred its operation to Kuala Terengganu MARDI station. Kuala Terengganu MARDI station is located 10km from Kuala Terengganu via Kuala Terengganu-Kelantan road and near to pekan Manir.The main objectives of the establishment of this station are to support any activities of transferring and commercialization of technologies also research and innovation of technologies related to fish-based products. Besides, it also responsible to provide the infrastructure and supporting services to any transferring of technologies and study also blowup of income by optimizing the usage of natural resources.In addition, the main activities at this station are under the Food Technology Center, Promotion and Technology Development Center and Station Management Center. These three central undergo contrary researches and function s such the functions of Food Technology Center are do the research to produce new technology especially in the field of after-pharming and processing of fisheries products, provide technical training for food and agriculture entrepreneurs and staff of organization departments and agencies, and provide advice to entrepreneurs. The function of Promotion and Technology Development Center is to promote activities, technology transfer and commercialization that has been produced by MARDI while the Station Management Center function is to manage all the activities of all four Terengganu MARDI stations and manage the administration systems.Functions of MARDI Kuala Terengganu stationPromotion activities, transferring technology and commercialization that has been produced for the east MARDI using mechanizationSeminar, forum and industry dialogExposure to messiness media and publicationsTechnical trainingTechnical services Development of SMEs entrepreneursTechnology incubator servicesSup port station by doing research on food technology especially development of fisheries products.Do research about food technology to formulate new technologies especially in the field of handling the harvest and processing of fisheries products.Supply the technical training for food and agriculture entrepreneurs to government employees and agencies.Provide the analysis service laboratory to do research for food industry.Placement staff to perform functions on technology transfer, research, management and administration.PROMOTION AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CENTER(MARDI KUALA TERENGGANU)ObjectivesTo develop a technology transfer system stooge improve efficiency and effectiveness of technology innovation and commercialization of MardiIncrease and accelerate the use of technology among bitty farmers and traditional producers of agricultural products.To develop small and median(a) entrepreneurs (SMEs) in technology-based agricultural production and agro-based products.To introduce the new technology that provides Test-Bed food processing facilities and products for entrepreneurs.Programsentrepreneur Development Program enterpriser Support functionEntrepreneur way ServiceAdoption SchemeSpecial Projects of Entrepreneur Development industry Liaison ProgramTechnology promotionTechnology ForumIndustry InformationDevelopment and Technology Transfer ProgramTechnology DevelopmentTechnology TransferPublishing TechnologyTest-Bed Technology SystemTest-bed technology system MARDI is one of the forms of support organized under the Entrepreneur Development Program. This system aims to improve the success of the small and medium enterprise in the production of food products through the use of technology.It was launched and opened up on 7th June 2012 by Y. Bhg Dato Mohd Hashim bin Abdullah, Chief Secretary Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry. The two main functions of this system are processing laboratory equipped with machinery, equipment and small(a) production facility for selected food products and stimulate technology innovation process among entrepreneurs who want to expand and improve the quality and competitiveness of products in the market.Services Offered in Test-BedProduction technologyHandling machine and equipmentFormulation and use of appropriate materialsPackaging, designing, labeling and presenting of productsQuality assessment and product analysisGMP and HACCP certificate documentation technology InnovationDESCRIPTION OF TASKS AND ACTIVITIESProduction of Keropok LekorOverviewSome call them fish fritters, fish sausages or fish sticks but in Terengganu, they are called keropok. in all districts produce their own keropok but the famous ones are none separate than those found in Kampong Losong in Kuala Terengganu. Keropok lekor are actually do from processed fish subject matter mixed with salt and sagoo flour. This mixture is indeed rolled into sausage cause around 6 to 10 inches commodious and immediately cooked. It is a great afternoon snack normally swaybacked in Terengganus equally famous chili sauce.They are make up of fish, flour and other ingredients. For Keropok Lekor, you send word eat it in two shipway. intricate fried or boiled. If you dont really desire the fishy smell, then burst to take the deep fried as sometime the boiled one will have some fishy smell, especially when they are no longer hot.IngredientsSelayang meatTamban meatSagoo flourSugarSaltAjinomoto impression nutMethodsMinch the fish meats in surimi blocks cutting machine.Add some ice cubes and continue mincing the fish meat. Add sago flour and piddle. The mixture is stirred up until it leads soft dough in cross mixer machine.The mixture is made into a cylindrical shape by forming machine.Boil the water in versatile cookware. Add in one or two tangled pandan leaves. Drop the keropok lekor into the boiling water for about 30-35 minutes.Wait for it to cool onward keep in freezer for storage and also can be eaten li ke that without fry.NotesBy using several machines in the processing, the making of keropok lekor become easier compared to traditional hand method. Besides, the shape of the keropok lekor looks nice and equivalent.Production of Modern frigid Sata and Otak-otakOverviewSata is a concoction of fish meat with shallot and ginger paste, relish in coconut draw, are wrapped in banana tree page number, folded into a shape of a cone, and stuck on the bamboo stick and barbequed over a low charcoal fire. closely famous are the sata from Kuala Kemaman. Through word of mouth, the place is flocked by locals as well as visitors from other states to get a taste of this delicious delicacy complete with coconut drinks. The stalls are actually the extension of villagers house and visitors can also get a taste of slow-paced traditional way of life. But today, sata can be useable in frozen packaging.Rather than the usual mince fish otak-otak most people have accustomed to, this otak-otak or fish m ousse is a fish based delicacy of which slices of fish are marinated and soaked in a thickly cover spices, mince shallots, onions, ginger, chilies and wrapped in banana leaves. The concoction is then wrapped in coconut leaf and cooked over a slow charcoal fire. Some places minced the fish meat with its spices while the famous ones in Kuala Kemaman take over concocted the whole fish meat coated with spices. Some otak-otak use concoctions of prawn, squid or crab meat which gives natural selection of preferences to food lovers. Frozen otak-otak are becoming popular nowadays.Ingredients(Sata Otak-otak)Fish meatGrated coconutSurimiOnionSugarChiliesSaltModified starchIceMethodsAll the ingredients are mixed up well by using the surimi blocks cutting machine and rotary mixer machine.The dough form is shaped by using nugget forming machine.The sata and otak-otak are baked in oven for about 20 minutes at 170-200C.After that the sata and otak-otak are blast-freeze by using blast-freezing e quipment. then(prenominal) they are packing and keep under -20C.NotesSata and otak-otak processing techniques have been modify with the use of appropriate machinery and proper packaging material suitable for freezing.The use of coconut milk grind reduces the fat content to 2%.The quality of frozen sata and otak-otak can be maintained up to 5 months at -20C.Production of soybean sauce MilkOverviewSoy milk is made by soaking soybeans, grinding them with water. The fluid which results after straining is called soy milk. Soy milk is most comm all found in aseptic cartons. Most of the soy milk available in the market is flavored and fortified with unneeded calcium or vitamins. Some producers add thickeners to their soy milk to give it a mouth feel of cows milk. Traditionally, soy milk has a beany taste which is well accepted by the Chinese, but less by the Western palate.IngredientsSoy beans pissingSugarPandan leavesMethodsClean the soya beans and soak them in water in advance tos sed.Grind the soy beans with water in ratio 17.Filter the mixture through a cheese cloth and recover the soy milk.Heat the soy milk till boiling point, add sugar and continue boiling for about 5 to 10 minutes.After cooling, the soy milk is ready and can be kept in the fridge for another 3 days.NotesCan keep youthful soy milk for up to 3 days in the refrigerator.This is totally preservative-free.Production of Tau foo faOverviewTau Fu Fa, also known as soy custard or silken tofu pudding is a silky-smooth Chinese sweetness that go toms to glide effortlessly down your throat. Some like it hot, some like it cold, and there are quite a few different ways to enjoy this dessert.The process of making the tau fu fa is almost similar to that of making soy bean drink, and what makes it different is the additional step of adding in a clotting agent to set the dish. Usually the curdling agent is either gypsum powder or glucono delta-lactone (GDL) mixed with a small amount of water and corn fl our, and they work to harden the soy mixture and help it set.Ingredients(Tau Foo Fa)Soy beansWaterGlucono delta-lactone curdling agentCorn flour(Syrup)Rock sugar convoluted pandan leavesWaterMethods(Tau Foo Fa)Blend soy beans in batches with water in ratio 15.Strain the soy bean mixture through a muslin cloth into a large cooking pot and discard the residues. kick in soy bean milk to a boil over medium heat. prance curdling agent, cornflour and water in another bowl. well out mixture into boiling pot and mix thoroughly.Turn the heat sour and cover the pot with a lid. Set aside in a heat proof container for approximately 30 minutes to let the mixture set. Do not open the lid until after 30 minutes.(Syrup)Mix rock sugar, pandan leaves and water in another smaller pot. Boil over low heat until mixture thickens to reflect syrup.(Tau Foo Fa Syrup)Dish out set Tau Foo Fa, layer by layer onto a bowl. Ensure you use a flat ladle or a turner to scoop out the layers.Drizzle with sugar syru p.NotesI would advise using GDL powder, which is a by nature occurring food additive, instead of gypsum powder, which is made of calcium sulphate as it is state to be disadvantageous to our wellness.Production of Fish Burger (Tilapia)OverviewIngredientsMethodsNotesProduction of Breaded Fish adorn and Cutlet (Tilapia)OverviewIngredientsMethodsNotesActivities to Meet MARDI Adopted EntrepreneursOverviewMeet the MARDI adopted entrepreneurs to see their business progress and to make sure that they follow MARDI evaluation and instructions. aside from that, MARDI need to ask the entrepreneurs about their problems or difficulties and help them by giving they advise, information, and unitedly find solutions for their problems.Entrepreneurs problemsSINKU Food Industries Sdn. Bhd.Market improved, ask MARDI to develop MA center auto keropok lekor cutting machine.Ask MARDI to contact the SME MARDI to overcome the difficulties to get the GMP for alteration the cool room which is delayed due t o no provision.NURIQ EnterpriseExperiencing problems in obtaining halal certification for lack of capital for plant modifications. In the process of obtaining a halal certificate Malaysia.Hidayah Mohd Nasir EnterpriseAsk MARDI to help to enlighten problems regarding soft texture of cincau.Ask for fried tofu course.BM Food Industries Sdn. Bhd.HACCP problems no writing explanation on sauce cooking temperature of 90-95 degrees Celsius, ask MARDI for the analysis of why the protein content in the oyster sauce is reduced.MADURA Industries Sdn. Bhd. set about problems in the product the Sparkling Juice contain precipitate and cloudy.Activities in Test-Bed by EntrepreneursOverviewAROMA WARISANEntrepreneur Ahmad Sabri OmarProduct Keropok lekorDuration 3 monthsPOK NOR SATAEntrepreneur Mohd Sahir bin Mohd NorDuration 3 monthsProject of Sweet Corn Hibrimas time-tested Using GenKimo FertilizerOverviewSweet corn hibrimas is one of the successful products from MARDI. We have an opportunity to visit to the Corn Farm located at force field of Kuala Berang at twice. The first visit was to employ the Genkimo fertilizer and examine the effect to the corn trees. This type of fertilizer was applied immediately afler planted the tree. Then, the abet visit was to measure the height of corn tree that have utilise Genkimo fertilizer.Under researchProject TitleSurvey of Farmers acceptance of innate Fertilizer (GENKiMO) application on sweet corn field in Kuala Berang, Terengganu.Project ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of using GENKiMO bio-organic fertilizer in improving the growth of Hibrimas among selected farmersTo evaluate the viabilty of the projectsBrief Description of Project(please include justification, key areas of research to be undertaken, and related research if any)GENKiMO is a biotechnology product, which means healthy probiotic microorganisms. It is a type of probiotic that contains live microorganisms which are mainly comprised of small bacteria such a s lactobacillus-celled, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria.GENKiMO produced by natural fermentation and characterization using 100% of the local environment. salutary bacteria / effective, enzymes and acids help to increase the organic matter of internal health of livestock, improve environmental quality, enhance growth and disease resistance of plant growth, accelerate the decomposition of organic forces, restoring soil fertility and others.Background of HibrimasIn 2008, MARDI collaborated with Green world genetics (GWG) and tropic fruit network (TFNET). The main purpose of this collaboration was is to evaluate 26 sweet corn hybrids for fresh consumption as well as canning purposes. From the preliminary evaluation, five potential sweet corn hybrids were selected. Selection were made based on the early(a) maturing hybrid (65-68 days after planting), last yield (average yield of 250-300 g/cob), golden colored kernel with good kernel arrangement and uniform shape cob. From further evaluation over locations, the sweet 601 was found to the most leaf blight and the sweetness is within the range 14-15 brix. Besides, it also has tropical sweet corn hybrids which have the sh2 gene for sweetness.Potential of CommercializationThe farm Hibrimas are suitable for fresh consumption besides they also can be applying to some ways of cooking like boiling, grilling or locomote. However for hibrimas the most suitable way of cooking is by steaming fro not more than 10 minutes. This is to ensure the sweetness of hibrimas is retained. The kernel of the sweet corn can also be eaten as corn in cup or canned. Baby corn can also be harvested and eaten as vegetable. After harvesting the cob, the whole plant can be harvested and transformed into silage for animal feed or as sedate fertilizer.Advantages of Hibrimas CornHibrimas tree grows at an altitude of 200-220 cm capable of high productivity with an orderly arrangement of content.Good farming practices, proper drainpipe system and application of appropriate fertilization, capable high yield.Resistant to leaf blight disease.Able to provide results that many of the nearly 22.000 hectares of land and increase productivity because it is more fruitful in a shorter period of about 68 days after planting.CHALLENGES SOLUTIONSAlong 8 weeks of internship, I have faced many challenges which need me to go through it and overcome them as quickly and proactively. The problems came sometimes can be handle but sometimes cannot.The most challenges I had faced was the skill to operate the machines that are utilise in food processing. Besides, the lack of knowledge about food processing cause by different study or course I sit for in university limit my actions and make me feel burdensome or boring.In addition, the working environment here is a bit ambitious because I need to communicate and working together with the other aged(a) staffs, need to do new things that I neer done before this especially in food handling pr ocess which I had never learned before.At the same time, I need to stand with some of the male staffs whom like to tease five of us include me, the industrial training students which sometimes a bit annoying. The unpleasant stories heard from the staffs also one of the challengers to me.Although there are several challengers coming, I had never give up but always take it easy and manageable and see it from the positive side. Hence, the challengers in handling the machines and the tasks given which are likely not related to my study, I take it as easy and new matters in order to increase my experiences and knowledge thus, I can adapt with these situations quickly.Apart from that, the teasing and unpleasant stories heard, I take it as a spirit to prove them that I can do it and Im here not only to be an observer. I tried my best to involve in the activities and followed all the instructions and task given.Usually, if I faced a problem regarding my tasks, I would refer to my supervisor , En. Mohd Faiz bin Musa and other senior assistants and staffs that have many experiences and knowledge. They were always ready to help me so I learn many new things from them and try to become creative thinking and ready to solve problems. The understanding in many fields of knowledge is not bollocks up because it is important as a backup for us to face in everyday life and works soon.KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS THAT HAVE BEEN ACQUIREDThroughout the industrial training period, I have learned a lot of new knowledge and application which I did not get from my study in kuliyyah before.Here, I was assigned to do food processing of fish-based products, handled machines, involved in sensory evaluation and analyze the data, involved in new still ongoing research on the use and effect of GenKimo fertilizers on the hybrid sweet corn crops compared to other organic and chemical fertilizers and also some office tasks. Besides, I was participated in project with entrepreneurs for varieties of food processing and development.In term of skills, I learned to operate machines with standard of operation result (SOP). This includes ho

Aquinas And Boethius Free Will And Divine Foreknowlegde Philosophy Essay

Aquinas And Boethius Free Will And providential Foreknowlegde Philosophy Es adduceThis philosophical inquiry is without doubt a major(ip) star owing to the very f consummation that it touches a very epochal bea of doctrine that has been addressed by a big moment of great philosophers the belief of let go of-will and divine foreknowledge as addressed by Boethius and St. doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas of Aquinas. These twain philosophers prevail contradicting views regarding the concepts under consideration and it is at that placefore completely- outstanding(a) to make a clear understanding of them twain(prenominal) just with an tension on Thomas who seems to give appealing conclusions comp atomic number 18d to Boethius.The paper will be structured in a very clear and apothegmatic means, with interrupt 1 starting with the introduction to the two philosophers. Then afterwards, will be addressed the concept of free will as discussed by Thomas Aquinas. Thi s emphasis again is non accidental but well measured owing to the fact that the views of St. Thomas be by far correct and savvyable compared to those of Boethius. Like any another(prenominal) superb philosopher, Aquinas pays besotted attention to logic and this is going to be observed in the manner that he pre moves his work. He ensures that he does not end up in self-contradiction, or self-deception.SAINT THOMAS AQUINASSt. Thomas Aquinas was an Italian priest of the Catholic Church in the Domini sight localize.He was born in Aquino c.1225, and was an immensely influential philosopher and theologiser in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus (the Angelic Doctor) and Doctor Universalis (Universal Doctor).1He is frequently referred to as Thomas because Aquinas refers to his residence rather than his surname. He was the foremost classical recall dose of subjective theology, and the bring forth of the Thomistic school of philosophy and theology. He consider ably influenced Hesperian thought, with much of modern philosophy being as a chemical reaction against, or in agreement with his motifs, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural legality and political theory.His works include the Summa Theologica and the Summa contra Gentiles. St. Thomas is one of the 33 Doctors of the Church, and the great theologian and philosopher of the church. Pope Benedict XV tell The Church has declared Thomas doctrine to be her own.2Thomas joined the Domini idler Order at the age of 13, an trouble that did not please his family who had expected him to bring into being a Benedictine monk.3Family members became desperate to dissuade Aquinas, who remained determined to join the Dominicans. At one point, two of his brothers hired a prostitute to seduce him, but he drove her a focusing, wielding a burning stick. According to legend, that night two angels appeared to him as he slept and strengthened his determination to remain celibate.4Aquinas was sent to study at the University of capital of France Faculty of Arts in 1245, where he most likely met Dominican scholar Albert Magnus5. In 1252, he returned to Paris to study for the masters degree in Theology.Aquinas was to a greater extent a theologian than a philosopher, and his references regarding philosophers rather refer to pagan rather than Christians.6BOETHIUSAnicius Manlius Severinus Boethius is his full names. He was born about 480 CE to an aristocratic family that was of Christian foundation. He analyze under the influence of the Neo-Platonist Proclus and his disciples for thirteen years. Proclus died in 485, and then shortly his father died. Consequently Boethius lived under the care of Symmachus from whom Boethius married his daughter Rusticiana.7Boethius lifetime death was to translate Aristotles complete works, as well as Platos dialogues, whence he considered that the two could be harmonized collectible to their agreements on major philosophical points. In 510 he b ecame consul under the Ostrogoth Theodoric who was by then king of Italy. At 520 Boethius was appointed master of the offices, heading all the government and court services, and at 522 both his two sons too, became consuls.Boethiuss work introduction of free-will and divine foreknowledge can be found in his work, The Consolation of Philosophy which is actually a work of literature that is written in a form of prosimetrical apocalyptic dialogueand contains five Books, which are written in a combine of prose and verse.8Aquinas Epistemo consistent viewAquinas believed that for the knowledge of any impartiality whatsoever man needs divine help, that the intellect may be moved by deity to its act.9However, he believed that humane beings take in the natural capacity to know many social occasions without special divine revelation, yet though such revelations occur from time to time, especially in regard to faith.10The heading of Free-willDoes man have free-will?What is free-will - a magnate, an act, or a employment?If it is a power, is it appetitive or cognitive?If it is appetitive, is it the same power as the will, or discrete?Thomas argued that man possesses free-will for without itcounsels, exhortations, commands, prohibitions, rewards, and punishments would be in vain.11He logically proceeded to start out on this by first observing how most things acted devoid of judging a stone moving downwards, similarly those things too that dont have knowledge. Additionally, in Thomas view some agents act from view, but their notions are not free, such as a brute animal. Thomas, while expounding on this assertion gives an example of a sheep, which upon seeing a wolf, settle that it is a thing to be eliminateed, an act that is from natural and not free judgment, since it makes this judgment from natural instincts and not from free judgment. Man on the other hand, acts from judgment, due to the fact that by his apprehensive commandhe judges that something shou ld be avoided or sought.12Therefore, Thomas view is without doubt, correct when he continues to emphasize that man acts from free judgment and retains the power of being inclined to various things because this judgment, contrary to that of brute animal that originates from natural instincts, it results from a process involving comparison in the reason.However, can we narrate that mans free will is power? This is a question posed by Thomas in his discussions regarding free-will. In answering this he line of merchandises rightfully that even though free-will strictly speakingsignifies an act, commonlyThomas calls it free-will, that which is the principle of the act by which man judges freely.13It is arguably, in the light of Thomas, that in mankind the principle of an act is both a habit and a power due to the fact that when we say that we know something, we do so by knowledge and by the mental power. Hence free-will has to bea power or a habit, or a power with a habit.14This affi rmation is considered in two ways.First, if free-will is a habit, then it has to be a natural habit this is because, for man it is natural to have a free-will. For things that come under free-will, there is no natural habit since we are inclined naturally to things that have natural habitsTherefore it is not a habit in any way. Secondly, habits are defined as that by reason of which we are well or ill disposed with regard to actions and passions15 since by temperancewe are well-disposed as regards concupiscences, and by intemperance ill-disposed and by knowledge we are well-disposed to the act of the intellect when we know the truth, and by the contrary ill-disposed. But the free-will is indifferent to veracious and evil prime(a) wherefore it is im contingent for free-will to be a habit. Therefore it is a power.16Thomas, regarding free-will as an appetitive power, asserts that the appropriate act of free-will is choice. This is because of the fact that we can decide to take one t hing and refuse the other. It is thenceimportant that we deliberate the spirit of free-will, by analyzing the nature of choice. Regarding choice, there is a strong agreement mingled with two things one on cognitive power, and the other on the appetitive power.Concerning the cognitive power part, there is needed to have counsel, through which according to Thomaswe judge one thing to be preferred to another17. Concerning the appetitive power, Thomas asserts that it is required that the liking should accept the judgment of counsel.18It is in this respect that Thomas counters the Aristotelian conception of choice that it is not clear whether choice belongs in principle to the appetitive power or the cognitive one because according to him choice is every an appetitive intellect or an bright appetite.19However Aristotle inclines to its being an noetic appetite in the process of describing choice as a want proceeding from counsel.20This follows from the leaning that the means to an end is the proper object of choice. Additionally, then, choice is what Thomas refers to as the nature of the good the useful this follows from the stick in that since good is considered to be the object of the appetite, then it is logical that principally choice is an act of the appetitive power hence free-will is an appetitive power.Consequently, can we say that free-will is a power distinct from the will? It is rightly argued in the light of Thomas that intellectual apprehension takes into consideration both the intellect and reason, and with regard to intellectual appetitive, we will have free-will which is actually the power of choice as aright explicated in Thomas Summa. This connection is correctly observed in both the objects and respectful acts.Thomas gives an illustration of what it means to understand when he continues to refer that understanding implies the simple acceptation of something (whereby) we say that we understand first principles, which are known of them wit hout any comparison.21However, regarding reasoning, as Thomas points out, means to come from one thing to the knowledge of another wherefore, properly speaking, we reason about conclusions, which are known from the principles.22 ecclesiastic Foreknowledge by Boethius and Thomas AquinasThe issue of the foreknowledge of perfection is a mystery that St. Thomas Aquinas, Augustine and Boethius all struggled with. Divine foreknowledge involves the idea that the will of beau ideal enunciated itself most expansively in divine foreordainment, whence the plan of salvation is an essentialportion. Consequently, Christ was, apparently, predestined. This, of course, means that god discerned that evil would come into the world and that Jesus had to redeem mankind. Nonetheless, while beau ideal knew that evil would come into the world, he also willed an end, and in this his action can be seen as perfect. To safeguard his own freedom, divinity caused events contingently, without sine qua non, implying that he had free causation. God, therefore, predestined contingently. In this way, we can understand that God was not the cloaked of his own action, but remained free.23Boethius Consolation, Freedom and DivineForeknowledgeRegarding divine foreknowledge, initiallyproposes the caper of divine foreknowledge as anissue for further philosophical debate. In this case, hequestions on how God happens to have dependable foreknowledge concerning contingent futurity events as knowledge requires necessityIn reference to Boethius, if God necessarily knows that an individualist will outgo in school at some future day time, then it seems that the individual in question cannot fail to excel, implying that he is devoid of free-will and that excelling is not contingent. However, it is exorbitant to repudiate the freedom of the will in Boethiuss view, since this could signify the absence of vices and virtues.24This paradox has been philosophically addressed in chapter VI which involve s a distinction between simple and conditional necessity. First, in the case of simple necessity there is a connection between it and nature henceat this point it is a infallible truth meaning that man is a rational animal.25On the other hand, conditional necessity is not tied to the nature, but rather to some contingent state of affairs and on a particular moment. As an example, if for instance, I saw Johnstanding. Upon seeing him, it is conditionally necessary that he bestanding because he is standing at that time, but there is nothing in his nature that forces him to be standing. A moment later he can ingest to seat. This conditional necessity is sufficient for me to have knowledge that John is standing. consequently my present knowledge and Johns contingent willing to stand are and so perfectly compatible.However, there arises a problem with define foreknowledge in the sense that it asserts a conditional necessity of both present and future state of affairs. Thus, for philos ophyto resolve Gods infallible foreknowledge with future contingents, it proposes a wide significantexplanation of eternity. Accordingly eternity is the unharmed, simultaneous and perfect possession of boundless life, which becomes clearer by comparison with laic things26Philosophy expounds on eternity by basing the conception of divine experience of time in divine simplicity.Under this understanding, it is correct to note that when it comes to Gods experience, there is no past, present and future of timeinstead all temporal events are present concurrently to Gods simple knowledge. Thus, correct reasoning says that if you should wish to consider his foreknowledge, by which he discerns all things, you will more rightly judge it to be not foreknowledge as it were of the future but knowledge of a never-passing blinking27. God can have infallible knowledge about what pile will do in the future, because God, in his simple eternal knowledge, already sees James doing it. Thus, the infa llibility of Gods knowledge is conventional on a conditional necessity, which preserves the contingency and freedom of James willing and choosing.Moreover, prayer and human morality remain necessary as acts of free human creatures. One can be punished for performing wrongly most likely because one had the freedom to do the alternative. Similarly, it is possible to petition God this does not mea Gods mind about what he has already decreed to do in the future changes, but just because God does things simultaneously that is from his point of view with seeing our prayers in the present -from the human perspective. Thence, this also leaves open the possibility of an Augustinian free-will theodicy, since Gods knowledge of future evil choices does not imply that God causes the wicked to be wicked.28However, the Boethian solution contradicts the first premise of the rudimentary argument (1) Yesterday God infallibly believed X. What Boethian solution denies is not that God believes infalli bly, and not that God believes the content of proposition X, but that God believed Xyesterday. Boethiuscontended that God is not in time and that God has no temporal properties, so God does not have beliefs at a time. This argument unfortunately therefore unfortunatelynotes that God had beliefs yesterday, or has beliefs today, or will have beliefs tomorrow. God cannot be taken to have believes on certain moments, the way humans tend to do. And thus, the way Boethius describes Gods cognitive grasp of temporal reality, all temporal events are before the mind of God at once. To say at once or simultaneously is to use a temporal metaphor however on the contrary Boethius is clear that it illogical to think of the whole of temporal reality as being before Gods mind in a single temporal moment.But a more concise and logical argument comes from Aquinas who, though adopted the Boethian solution as one of his strategies out of theological fatalism, using some of the same metaphors as Boethi us. As an example to this, we have metaphor of circle analogy, in which the way a timeless God is present to each(prenominal) and every instant is matched to the way in which the center of a circle is present to each and every point on its circumference. In contemporary philosophy likely the most well-known defenders of the idea that God is timeless are Eleonore baffle and Norman Kretzmann (1981), who apply it explicitly to the foreknowledge dilemma (1991).Most objections to the infinity solution to the dilemma of foreknowledge and freedom focus on the idea of timelessness itself, arguing either that it does not make sense or that it is incompatible with other properties of God that are religiously more compelling, such as personhood. I have argued that the timelessness move does not avoid the problem of theological fatalism since an argument structurally parallel to the basic argument can be formulated for timeless knowledge. If God is not in time, the key issue would not be the necessity of the past, but the necessity of the timeless realm29CONCLUSIONFrom the above analysis is very important to conclude with an affirmation of the philosophical concepts as advanced by Thomas. The Thomistic philosophy offers superior reasoning in terms of freedom and knowledge. The arrangement is logical and devoid of contradictions as it has been observed in other philosophers, Boethius being no exception. I therefore conclude this paper with an affirmation that men have free-will but this free-will doesnt dispute Gods omniscience because Gods perspective is not mans perspective, due to His Supremacy.

Dividend Payments Impact On Shareholders Wealth Finance Essay

Dividend Payments Impact On Sh beholders Wealth finance EssayDividendis a give of earnings made to shargonholders by an geological formation Its a make which is paid out to the community sh areholders. When a amplification is earned by the go with, the profits are used again to deco consider for a better appendage of the guild for its future, or it fundament in homogeneous manner be paid to the confederation grantholders in the form of dividends. Dividends are similarly paid to the stockholders in the form of coin or servings. The family moldiness stupefy comfortable monetary re extension in auberge to pay dividends to its shareholders. Dividends are princip tout ensembley paid out by a friendship lone(prenominal) when the ships club make good profit and its been paid form its meshwork.Dividend polity is of great interest n todays financial industries when the joint stock companies came into existences. Dividends can withal be defined as a distributio n of companys cabbage which is decided by the board of directors to a class of its shareholders, dividend is too quoted as a percentage of the stream market price. It is as well known as dividend per share (DPS). Dividend can also be in a form of bills, stock or property.The level of dividends also depends on the companys dividend policy. Many titanic companies down a progressive dividend policy. They are usually paid afterwards half year and full year financial results, even though few companies pay quarterly. on that point are various types of dividends which are as fol scummysCash Dividend first-string Cash Dividend, Special Cash Dividend, blood line Dividend Stock RepurchaseCash dividend When a company pays dividend in the form of bills is known as funds dividend, cash dividends are generally paid four ages a years to its shareholders. Such as Regular cash dividends and special cash dividends.THEORIES OF DIVIDEND POLICYDIVIDEND RELEVANCE THEORYDIVIDEND irrelevanc y THEORYDIVIDEND RELEVANCE THEORYThis was a opening proposed byMyron J. Gordon(1959)and sewer Linter(1956). Therefore, Dividendrelevance suppositionsuggests that investors are taking a risk generallyand would rather grantdividends today rather than share appreciation and dividends tomorrow. Myron J Gordon(1959) and John Lintner (1956) have also suggested that in the early sixties, investors see current dividends as less risky than future dividends and capital gainsDividend relevance theory also states that dividend policy accomplishments theshare price of a company. Therefore, an optimum dividend policy should be determined which will ensure the better riches of the shareholders. However some market participants state that there is some radio link between share price and the dividend policy of a company.DIVIDEND IRRELEVACE THEORY consort to Modigliani and Miller (1961) the dividend policy is irrelevant to the share price of the company. The value of the sign is determined by the earning capacity of a company and non by its dividend closing.Modigliani and Miller (1961) pointed out that the investors who are rational may make the pickaxe but maximise their utility, which are indifferent to receiving capital gains or dividend on their shares.The assumption of this theory states thatThere are no transaction monetary value on the buying and selling of the sharesInvestors are having sufficient knowledge intimately the companyTaxes are ignoredSame interest rate would be available to investorsAccording to the above assumption, the company which has good prospective with a positive NPV will have a good share price in the market.Dividend remuneration has concern on shareholders wealthinessArguments for and against of a cash dividend payout that would have an impact on the Market value of a companyArguments in favour of the impactSignalling numberIf a company pays dividend to its shareholders continuously, it conveys a put across to its investors showing the current offshoot of the company and its future prospectus. Since company pays dividends regularly to its investors, they do non have any agency problem. trade number There are two types of shareholders in the industry. One free radical who are accepting regular income as dividends for eg Pensioners. The other group are the ones who are non expecting dividends, because they are interested in the future issue of the company by increasing the capital gain.Arguments against the impactTax coreWhen shareholders receive income from dividends they have to pay tax which will see their earnings. If the company pay high dividends to the investors, it would bear on the earnings of the company. This would also reduce the cash f piteous of the company if it wants to make investments.EarningsThe market capitalization of the company depends upon the earning per share of the company and not on the dividend policy of the management.InvestmentIf the company pays all its earnings to the s hareholders as dividend, they would not have sufficient reserves for future projects. Therefore the growth of the company is an important decision than the decision of the dividend.LiquidityA company would not have any placid cash left if it pays all earnings and profits to its investors. So fluidness is the master(prenominal) factor in a company as it would affect the business.Arguments for and against, whether a cash dividend is paid or not is irrelevant in the context of shareholder wealth maximizationArguments favoring the impactThe Net profit value (NPV) of a company plays a major routine when dividends are given to its shareholders. Dividends would not necessarily be paid to its shareholders as destroying shareholders wealth in the real world is replaced with wise set of shares.Retained earningsIf the company pays all the income to its shareholders as dividend, then the company would not have sufficient retain earnings to make investment in the useful projects. If the co mpany necessarily any funds for the future, it would fasten on from sources like fairness or debt markets which will growing the be of the capital because the live of orthogonal funds are comparatively higher than the cost of internal funds.Arguments Against the impactInformation content If the company does not pay dividend regularly to its investors, shows a sign of negative signal to the capital market and hence the share price would also decrease in the market and would also affect the growth of the company.One of the major problems is the agency cost between the shareholder and the management. The shareholders generally expect a good growth of the company which would in turn give good dividend to the investors. But, the aim of the management is to grow the company in order to maximize the wealth and the power which may not be of interest to the shareholders.Arguments for and against weather dividend requitals should be avoided, as they would lead to a decrease in shareho lder wealth.Arguments favoring the impact of shareholders wealthIf the company does not pay dividends to its shareholders, the funds can be utilized for the future growth of the company. There would also be a dual benefit two to the company and the shareholder, where the shareholders may not need to pay an tax on dividend and for the company, they do not need to pay any transaction cost. There is also an argument to change the dividend policy from low to high payouts. insurance policy Formulation In a company there is an administrative cost that is involved with the dividend policy which would in turn reduce the earnings of the company. exist of capital When a dividend payment is reduced, the external financing plays an important role in reducing the cost of capital of the firm. Due to this reduction of cost of capital, the value of the firm has increased because there is an relationship between cost of capital and the value of the firm.Arguments against the impact of shareholders wealthIf a company avoids dividend payment to its investors, shareholders would withdraw their investment that they have invested in the company and thus this would also have an negative impact on the shareholders wealth.Signalling effect When a dividend payment is avoided there is an signalling effect which effects the growth of the company and will also have an impact on the share price and effect the shareholders wealth.FACTORS touching THE DIVIDEND POLICY OF A COMPANYStability of earnings Companies which have regular income formulate regular dividend policy than those companies having an uneven flow of income. This can be easily know by the earnings of the company.Liquidity of Cash The briny factor in the dividend decision of a company depends on the cash flow. The higher the funds the company earns is better for the company in order to pay high dividends to the investors. In order to pay dividends the company needs funds and therefore the availability of cash will be the main f actor of the dividend policy.Extent of shareholders A company makes decision against the shareholders for the suspension of the dividend to its investors. On the other hand, a company having lots of shareholders are distributed forming high and low income group. This would also have difficulties in securing the assets, because of higher dividend.Taxation Policy If a company pays high tax, not the earnings of the company would be touched but also the dividend would be decreased. Tax on dividends is waived by the presidential term only up to a certain limit. This would in turn effect the capital growth of the company. Reduction in tax dividends reduces the value of all the tax payers. The capital gain tax is also likely to be below the shareholders tax rate. Shareholders may also prefer gapital gains to dividends. film directors resolve the affair between the conflict of interest between the shareholders of a company.Past dividend evaluate When the company pays dividend to its sha reholders, it has to review the rate of dividend paid to the shareholders in the previous years, The dividend rate should be should be equal or more to the past dividend rate. readiness to Borrow Only large firms and well established firms can borrow funds from the capital market and other external sources. These companies should have a good payout ratio. And smaller firms who are not well established affirm on internal sources, and they would also have to build good reserves by reducing the payout ratio.Legal constraints There were some constraints in the payment of dividends make by the UK government in the year 1960. There was some control in the payment of dividend. As a government measure, to drown the anti inflation, but later in 1979, they removed these restrictions so the company must know the legal rules and the government policies before forming the dividend policy.Policy of encounter This is another main factor for the dividends. The control of the company is determine d by the ordinary shares of the company. If the company wants to make investment they need funds. These funds should be obtained from equity capital, If they raise the equity capital, the new shareholders will invest in the company so the directors of the company have full control where they would not want to add any new shareholders to the company, and would announce a low dividend rate to its existing shareholders. The directors do not want to add new shareholders because they would not have any control and diversion on the policies of the management. fourth dimension for Payment of Dividend Payment of dividends are planned in such a manner that there is no cash flow at the time of issuing dividends, as during the peak time of the company would require funds for urgent finances.Regularity and stability in Dividend Payment Companies maintain dividend leveling fund in order to pay regular dividends to its investors and also have a constant rate of dividends to most of its investors .Investment opportunity piece the board of directors make dividend policy decisions, they should consider if there is any fat project or not. If there is a project in which they have to invest, then they have to announce a lower dividend to its shareholders.Opportunity to intoxicate fundsThe management should think near if there is any source to collect the required funds if needed at a cheaper cost, if not they should not announce more dividends to the shareholders.Growth A growth of a company is one of the major factor and plays an important role when dividends are issued to its shareholders. Growth can be measured in sales, market share and the profit of a company.ConclusionDividend policy is concerned with level of dividends for the shareholders of a company. thereof from the above mentioned two theories, we can conclude the followingAs per the opinion of Director A, dividend should be provided to the shareholders for the following reasonsSignalling effect This conveys a me ssage to its investors showing the current growth of the company and its future prospectus.Clientele Effect If a company pays higher cash dividend to the shareholders, it gives more sign of chances about its future to its investors and the increase in dividends may lead directly to an increase in the companys share price in the market.As per the opinion of Director B, Dividend payment is irrelevant to shareholder maximization wealth for the following reasons.If the company pays all the income to its shareholders as dividend, then the company would not have sufficient retain earnings. If the company needs any funds for the future, it would borrow from sources like equity or debt markets which will increase the cost of the capitalAs per the opinion of the Director C, dividend payments should be avoided due to the following reasons.If the company does not pay dividends to its shareholders, the funds can be utilized for the future growth of the company. There would also be a dual benefi t two to the company and the shareholder, where the shareholders may not need to pay an tax on dividend and for the company, they do not need to pay any transaction cost.Thus we conclude based on the managements views of a company on dividend payments and the effect on firm value. Because the dividend policy is a natural consequence of dividend theory being applied, the conclusions to this are categorised under the dividend policies, such as the managed dividend policy, and also there is a consequence of the relevant dividend theory and the residual dividend policy, a consequence of the irrelevant dividend theory.

Behaviourism And The Psychodynamic Approach Psychology Essay

behaviourism And The Psychodynamic Approach Psychology EssayBehaviourism is largely about observable behaviours and views how learning is by dint of association, seen in Classical condition and through behaviour reinforcement, as in Operant Conditioning (B F Sk inner, 1938). The Psychodynamic Approach (Sigmund Freud, writing between the 1890s and the 1930s) views all behaviours as macrocosm controlled by thought processes of the mind. (Cardwell et al. 2004)Behaviourism primarily looks at behaviours that stool be seen, and states that we atomic number 18 born with a mind uniform an empty mop board (tabula rasa) and all of our behaviours are acquired from what goes on roughly us in our environs (McLeod. 2007). The following outlines two learning theories. Classical condition is a type of learning that occurs through association. An unbounded stimulus results in an unin condition(p) response, and the theory is that the same response feces be evoked by a conditioned stimulus. (Learning Theories Knowledgebase. 2012). Operant instruct is about learning through reinforcement (positive or negative rewards and punishment) from the environment. Learning is a progressive action at law that starts by rewarding behaviour that is associated to any wanted out make sense (Cardwell et al. 2004). This happens kind of naturally without any awareness, for example in praising children for milestone achievements like using the potty.One key research study of learning theories is authorised condition and Ivan Pavlovs Dog experiment (1927). This involved investigating how the dogs learnt through association. The following st advances were used, with the repetition of the unconditioned with the conditioned stimulus being used together. In the runner grade, before conditioning, when the dogs are given up the unconditioned stimulus (dog food) this results in salivation, the unconditioned response this is a natural response. In the next leg, the conditioned stimulus (the ships bell) was introduced with the unconditioned stimulus (dog food) and the dogs salivated, the unconditioned response. In the final stage, once the conditioned stimulus (the bell) was introduced without the dog food, the dogs still salivated, the conditioned response non a natural response for a bell being given at meal times instead of food (Atherton. 2011). Generalisation can likewise be seen in classical conditioning, as the conditioned stimulus, the bell in this case, could be changed to a bell with a different telephone and the conditioned response would remain although it would however weaken over a period of time, if the bell continuously changed (Gross. 1988). An example of everyday classical conditioning would be through the use of advertising. An advertisement comes on the television for a bar of chocolate which you love. This arouses a popular opinion of hunger and craving for roughly chocolate.One of psychologys most important contributions of behaviouris m was the theory of classical conditioning. behavioral therapies came about in the 1950s as a result of this and galore(postnominal) treatments are used today for mental health behaviour mitigation phobias, and anxiety related conditions (Cardwell et al. 2004). Positive and negative reinforcement in operative conditioning has also been extremely useful when working with children who wear spare needs or autistic spectrum disorders, as it enables maladaptive behaviour to be modified or reshaped. Government guidelines implemented within policies and procedures in child care settings, have been based around the perspectives of behaviourism (Tassoni et al. 2010). However, as the scientific experiments utilize the use of animals in controlled laboratory conditions, this limits findings relevant to the real-life situations of humans, so is reducingist. Behaviourism does non take into account actions of the mind either, so psychology as a science is uneffective to analyse anything it cannot openly observe. (McLeod. 2007). Other arguments are that few therapies will fail once treatments stop, as in aversion therapy, and in the treatment of flooding the individual needs to be in nice health and if they were to be removed from treatment too early, it would lead to supercharge reinforcement of the phobia they went in for in the first place (Cardwell et al. 2004)..The psychodynamic glide slope (Sigmund Freud 1856 -1939) believes that behaviour is part of unconscious thought processes and is imbedded by our childhood experiences. Stricker and Widiger (2003) have words about layers of the mind the conscious, imagined as the smallest part the tip of an iceberg, where all bear witness awareness is the preconscious, a larger part just below the water system line of an iceberg, where memories and thoughts can be accessed easily by the conscious, and the unconscious, the largest part of an iceberg that is well immersed below the water, where repressed memories an d inappropriate desires are held unavailable to us. Freud describes genius as being structured in to three different part Id, present from birth, works on instinct and the principals of pleasure Ego, at age one three eld, keeps in touch with the real world and satisfies the Id in a realistic, appropriate way and Superego, age three six years, where our godliness oversees our personality in relation to our environment. According to Freud, another key setting of theory is that of psychosexual development. The stages of this theory are the Oral stage, where the mouth is the first area of pleasure the Anal stage, where the second area of pleasure is the anus this stage is important around toilet training, and the Phallic stage, where the focus of pleasure is with the genitals. This stage also encounters gender identity development and the Oedipus complex (where boys become attracted to their mothers and grand of their fathers). If too much or too little satisfaction is accept ed through these stages, we become obsessed and persist with the same demands during the rest of our life, resulting in neurotic behaviours (Cardwell et al. 2004).One key study by Freud (1909) was on small-scale Hans, the child of a friend of Freud whom he never actually met. He was five years old. He became fearful of horses to the extent that he would no longer go in to the street. White horses, that wore blinkers and had black colouring around the mouth, were feared most. As Hans was in the phallic stage of his development and therefore in the Oedipus Complex, according to Freud, the belief was that he was actually afraid of his father not the horses. This assumption was reached as Hans father wore glasses these could be associated with the blinkers, and he also had a moustache this could represent the black around the horses mouth. (Cardwell and Flanagan. 2004)The progression of mental hygiene has been a substantial contribution of the psychodynamic approach, as Freuds psycho analytical therapy, which sees mild psychiatric disorders in adults such as anxiety and eating disorders, and some depressions, as deeply hidden childhood problems. Patients are helped by creating an ideal environment in which to draw out these concerns into the conscious mind, where they can then be explored, tackled and resolved. Disadvantages of psychodynamic therapies are that treatment can be over many years and is therefore expensive and unrealistic. Therapies are not suitable for all mental disorders, mainly just those that come under neuroses. Also, uncovering the past can cause more emotional stress than the current problem holds for the patient.Behaviourism has contributed to therapies that we still use today. One of the therapies based on classical conditioning is Systematic Desensitisation (Wolpe. 1958). This method helps with phobias and anxieties by using deep placidity and replacing a fearful reaction with a response that is unable to exist with fear. Another therap y is Implosion and Flooding where the individuals phobic object is unveiled with no reduction in anxiety and no relaxation. The purpose is that high levels of anxiety cannot be maintained for a long period of time, so start to minimize along with the realisation that nothing bad has happened to them, so the fear should dissipate. A technique called Aversion Therapy is also based on classical conditioning and is used to remove unwanted behaviours like alcoholism, smoking and drug addiction. These behaviours are associated with an unpleasant stimulus in an attempt to remove them. For instance, a pansy may have a nausea-inducing substance which in turn pairs the feeling of nausea with tobacco. Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy is widely used and elements of it originate from behaviourism. It looks at the individuals beliefs and rational or irrational thought patterns and then the consequences of these, if desirable or undesirable emotions come about leading to desirable or undesirable beh aviour. Once these have been recognised, the therapist and the client work on the issues together. (Gross. 1987)Contributions of the psychodynamic approach include sluttish Association, in which the individual allows feelings, thoughts and images to free-flow, with the therapist out of sight who will fall apart occasionally to get reflections with the implications of the associations. The theory is that the internal conflict will reveal itself in the associations. Boker (1992) believes psychodynamic therapy is also helpful to patients will schizophrenia, whilst taking phenothiazines, as this medication enables them to be more available (Cardwell et al. 2004). Another contribution is Play Therapy, characterised by Sweeney and Landreth (2003) as child-centred play therapy. The therapists objective is to allow the child to release their inner disturbances by bringing out the experiences through play rather than being the victim (McMonigle. 2008). It can be seen therefore that behavi ourists treat existing problems whereas in contrast, the psychodynamic approach wants to find the route of the problem. Both of these approaches have influenced modern practices.

Logic, Perception, and Enculturation Essay -- The Nature of Logic

Think around it. How important is intellection? Americans spend all of their day idea and misthinking of duplex decisions and ideas. Thinking is a very important process of how our thoughts, when transferred verbally or written on paper, can produce a clearer understanding of our views. The reputation of logic as it relates to critical thinking, and my perceptual process have been influenced through and through sources of enculturation. The nature of logic as understood is when you have a situation, belief, tradition, and so on that is examined and reviewed in great detail to discover the reasoning behind a behavior. Critical thinking as I understand it is when you view a situation in multiple ways to get a faithful answer or results. The nature of logic relates to critical thinking by examining the situation and thoughts to get a clearer decision of possible outcomes, or reasoning. For instance, to begin with heading to ready you watch the news and their morning time traffic update for possible accidents and road closures because you have an hour commute. On this particular morning you prove the traffic reporter mention that your daily route to work has been closed due to a huge tractor-trailer accident. Logically, and using critical thinking you are able to come up with two alternate routes for acquire to work on time. Using further logic and critical thinking you watch the news for further traffic details to make a final decision on one of two alternate choices. You hear that one of your choic...

Sixth Sense: The Vomeronasal Organ Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pa

Sixth palpate The Vomeronasal Organ We are all more influenced by smell than we know. (Hercule Poirot) ....Murder in Retrospect, Agatha Christie Biologists have long realized that the noses of most vertebrates actually contain deuce sensory line of descents. The first is the familiar olfactory body, which gentlemans gentleman possess. The second channel is the vomeronasal complex, a system that has its own separate organs, nerves, and connecting structures in the brain. The function of the vomeronasal system is the find oneselfion of pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the same species. It was widely believed (as I frame in some of the older texts I examined) that humans had long ago throw out this sensory system somewhere along evolutions trail. But convincing behavioral and anatomical evidence has since brought the notion of a human vomeronasal organ (VNO) into the realm of scientific fact. Some thirty eld ago, when anatomist David Berliner was studying human skin composition using scraped skin cells from the insides of discarded casts, he found that when he left vials containing skin extracts open, his lab assistants would do more friendly and warm than usual (1). When, months later, he decided to penetrate the vials, the warm and relaxed behavior was noticeably reduced. These findings led him to investigate the possible macrocosm of odorless human pheromones and a sixth sense organ to detect their presence, a VNO.While this early evidence was not empirical, anatomists have since found that all humans display two tiny pits, with duct openings, on both sides of the septum just behind the opening of the nose (3). The duct leads into a tubular lumen lacking a thick, distinct sensory epithelium. ... ...ture textbooks depart attribute to humans this mysterious, unconscious sixth sense. WWW Sources1)Chemicals the cause upheavalhttp//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/ma g/art97/pherom.html2)VNO websitehttp//neuro.fsu.edu/research/vomer.htm3)Science Frontiers articlehttp//www.science-frontiers.com/sf090/sf090b06.htm4)Chemical Communication by Willam C. Agosta5) olfactory Receptors, Vomeronasal Receptors, and the Organization of Olfactory Information. From Cell, a journal6)Howard Hughes olfactory website http//www.hhmi.org/senses/d220.html7)Article from The Scientisthttp//euclid.ucsd.edu/weinrich/theScientist2.html8)Pheromone Book freshenhttp//www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/psyc-bin/newpsy?7.12Additional SourcesMessages sent through sweathttp//www.patscan.ca//sweat.html

There are No Children Here: Life in the Projects :: There are No Children Here Essays

Life in the Projects Exposed in in that respect are No Children Here The book There are No Children Here by Alex Kotlowitz is a in truth tough yet aflame book. This book is important to me because it really made me see how fortunate I am to be brisk in a good and unassailable environment. In this powerful and moving book, reporter Alex Kotlowitz traces two years in the lives of ten-year-old Lafeyette and seven-year-old Pharoah Rivers as they struggle to beat the odds and grow up in one of Chicagones worst housing projects called henry Horner. Lafeyette and Pharoah live with their mother LaJoe. LaJoe in addition had three older children, LaShawn at the age of twenty five was the oldest. She worked as a prostitute from time to time to support her drug habit. The neighboring oldest, nineteen-year-old Paul, had served time in Indiana prison for burglary. Terence, now seventeen, had began selling drugs at the age of eleven and had been in and out of jail. LaJoes youngest kids wer e a set of four-year-old triplets, Timothy, Tiffany, and Tammie. whole eight children had the same father, Paul, to whom LaJoe had been married to for seventeen years. The two had long ago fallen out of love. He lived at the home occasionally The families living conditions were horrible. They lived in a very small apartment which at time had more than ten people living in it. Since LaJoe was a very friendly and considerate person, she brought many kids and adults under her wing and took care of them when in need. Some kids in the neighborhood even called her mom. LaJoe did not have the spirit to turn her back on anyone that appeared at her door. All the apartments in heat content Horner were falling apart, many of which were vacant. During the spring of 1989 inspections were taking place in the basements of Henry Horner projects by the Manager, Assistant Manager, and maintenance Superintendant. The reported conditions of the basements shocked me. An estimated two gm applianc es, refrigerators, kitchen cabinets, doors, burners, grates, etc. were standing in pools of water rusting away. The basement was heavy infedsted with roaches and flees. Dead rodents were lying in storage areas. The stench and odor was unbearable. after much fighting LaJoe finally got the Chicago Housing Authority employees to find fault the basement.

Johann Sebastian Bach Essay -- Composer Musician Bach Essays Bio

Johann Sebastian bach Johann Sebastian bachelor was a German organist, composer, and musical theater scholar of the churrigueresque period, and is almost univers on the wholey regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. His kit and boodle, noted for their intellectual depth, technological command, and artistic beauty, have provided inspiration to nearly every musician afterwards him, from Mozart to Schoenberg. J. S. Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany, March 21, 1685. Bachs uncles were all professional musicians ranging from church organists and court chamber musicians to composers. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was the town piper in Eisenach, a post that entailed organizing all the secular music in town as well as participating in church music at the direction of the church organist (p. 309, The New Grove Dictionary of music and medicinal drugians, Vol. 2). Bach was the youngest son of Ambrosius Bach and probably learned the fundamentals of musical theory and how to play the violin from him (p104, The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians). Bachs pay back died when he was still a young boy and his father shortly passed away when J. S. Bach was 9, at which time he moved in with his aged(prenominal)er br early(a) Johann Christoph Bach, who was the organist of Ohrdruf, Germany (p105, The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians). While in his brothers house, J. S. Bach continued copying, studying, and playing music. According to one popular legend, latterly one wickedness, when his brother was asleep, he found a collection of plows by Johann Christophs former mentor, Johann Pachelbel, and began to copy it by the moonlight. This went on every night until Johann Christoph heard his brother playing some of the distinctive tunes from his private library, at which point he demanded to know how Sebastian had come to learn them (www.sfsymphony.org/templates/composer). It was at Ohrdruf that Bach began to learn about organ bu ilding. The Ohrdruf churchs instrument was in constant destiny of minor repairs, and young J. S. Bach was often sent into the belly of the old organ to tighten, adjust, or replace various parts. This hands-on experience with the entrails of the instrument provides a good explanation for his unequalled skill at playing the organ (p. 11, Classical Music, the overstrung Guide).From 1700 to 1702 he attended St Michaels coach in Lneburg, where he sang in the church choir. subsequently compet... ... new dimensions in virtually every department of creative work to which he turned, in format, musical quality and technical demands (p. 22, Classical Music, the Rough Guide). His music was so complex that many analysts have uncovered layers of ghostly and numerological significance that is rarely found in the music of other composers. Bachs chorale harmonizations and fugal works were soon adopt as models for new generations of musicians. Bach was the last great representative of the Bar oque era in an age which was already rejecting the Baroque aesthetic in favor of a new, enlightened one (www.sfsymphony.org/templates/composer). BibliographyJohann Sebastian Bach, http//www.sfsymphony.org/templates/composer. Newman, Ernest Bach, Johann Sebastian. The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians, 1985, 11th Edition, pp. 102-108Sadie, Stanley Bach, Johann Sebastian. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 309-346Slonimsky, Nicolas Bach, Johann Sebastian. Bakers Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 2001, Vol. 1, pp. 161-172Staines, Joe Bach, Johann Sebastian. Classical Music, the Rough Guide, 1998, pp. 11-22

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

headmaster of the FliesLord of the Flies deals with linguistic universal truths because many of the characters make water characteristics we fag relate to which makes the book more interesting. One of the characters is jackass. Throughout the book squat wants to be the leader of the boys on the island. doodly-squat also does not similar work. He likes to go out and hunt, Jack considers hunting as fun, have parties, and do whatever he wants. We see this because he is never on the job(p) and is always out hunting. Even when he finally becomes the leader he does not take responsibility. All he does is hunt and party. We see that he is not responsible because he throws a party and they get so carried away that someone was killed. Jacks character makes the book stronger because Jack possesses the same ruthlessness and savageness that is in many of us and we washstand relate to that. Another thing we all can relate to is Jack absent to be the leader because at one m or another we have all wanted to be the leader of something. Since universal truths are things we can relate to, this ties into universal truths because we can relate to wanting to be the leader.Another character is piggy. From the beginning of the book when Piggy told Ralph what the kids at school used to call him until the end of the book where they take Piggys glasses and later on kill him. Piggy is existence made fun of which is all a form of mockery. Nobody likes to be made fun of and people can relate to the torture of be picked on. Piggy has a medical problem, which is asthma. This kept him from doing many things. Most of the time he sat and thought about ways to improve sprightliness on the island. Piggy was more of a thinker then a doer. During the book Piggy loses his pride, honor, and self-confidence but he tries to regain that when he faces Jack after his glasses were stolen.

The Internet Market In Kuwait :: essays research papers

Many war-ridden markets bewilder been appeared in centerfield East lately, and speciall(a)y in Kuwait. The unity which I will hold forth is the meshwork competitive market in Kuwait . Internet has been a great demand in all over the world. In 1992, The ministry of talk in Kuwait provided the profit expediency. Since thither was no community charity toward the internet, the price of the provided service was pretty high. Since this caller was the only one produced a certain markets product, they had inflated the price to the domineering highest cost that people would notwithstanding pay. Because of that, there was an absolute need for rival. arguing lowers the price because of the competition for costumers. Moreover, the provided service by the only corporation didnt have the quality that worth its price, handle the lines were always busy or eve if you get connected to the meshing the connection speed wouldnt be higher(prenominal) than 2400 bps. Companies were rarel y thinking of join this market, because the number of people demanding this service was unstable, and depending but on the high educated class or the university. Over the stretch out 6 years, the demand of the internet has greatly increased, and many competitive companies showed up to satisfy the consumers demand. Many companies started to fragmentize the monopolization of this market, and the price has been dropped incredibly. Thus, the demand of this market started to raise up again. This competition among companies also raises the quality of the products because if a company put little engineering science and capital into their output, consumers would not buy from them, quite they would buy from the competition. In my let opinion, the companies would receive better advantages if they made a special discount for students.The Internet Market In Kuwait essays research papers Many competitive markets have been appeared in Middle East lately, and specially in Kuwait. The On e which I will discuss is the Internet competitive market in Kuwait . Internet has been a great demand in all over the world. In 1992, The ministry of communication in Kuwait provided the internet service. Since there was no community attraction toward the internet, the price of the provided service was pretty high. Since this company was the only one produced a certain markets product, they had inflated the price to the absolute highest cost that people would still pay. Because of that, there was an absolute need for competition. Competition lowers the price because of the competition for costumers. Moreover, the provided service by the only company didnt have the quality that worth its price, like the lines were always busy or even if you get connected to the network the connection speed wouldnt be higher than 2400 bps. Companies were rarely thinking of joining this market, because the number of people demanding this service was unstable, and depending just on the high educated cl ass or the university. Over the last 6 years, the demand of the internet has greatly increased, and many competitive companies showed up to satisfy the consumers demand. Many companies started to break the monopolization of this market, and the price has been dropped incredibly. Thus, the demand of this market started to raise up again. This competition among companies also raises the quality of the products because if a company put little technology and capital into their output, consumers would not buy from them, rather they would buy from the competition. In my own opinion, the companies would receive better advantages if they made a special discount for students.

Letter to President Coolidge :: essays research papers

President CoolidgeAlthough nigh commonwealth believe that we, as a country, dont have enough room for alone these hard working immigrants, there comes a period when we need to straighten out the real basis of this country. We are all immigrants, in our own way, some of us may have been born here, but we do not all come from here. We all have ancestors that come from somewhere in Europe, or somewhere else. No one is a natural citizen leave out perhaps the Native Americans.To not grant someone entrance into our big(p) nation is not only unethical, and immoral, but also unconstitutional. Everyone deserves his or her sporty chance. The real questions when talking about the Immigration Act is, do we stock the risk, do we let these people into our country and let them become free, or do we just shoot them down and tell them that they have to brisk there lives with religious persecution. If we do not let theses people in the America, the grand nation, than we are in a way not a llow people become free. We are preventing people from living the lives they want to live. closely of all we are feeding communism, and foreign armys with people that want to live in the Americas but we wont let them. deem of all the people that would come and live in America, the United States of America, The inflict of The Free, and join our Army, our Air Force, our Navy, and our Marine Core. Talk about one immense nation. Think of all the farm hands, all the people striving to shed light on a living by helping in anyway they can.When it comes time to make a decision, I hope that you consider these factors. And see how great of a nation we may become with these immigrants that just want a chance.

Sport Utility Vehicles Use for Other Purposes :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

sport Utility Vehicles Use for Other PurposesSport Utility Vehicles have grown very quickly in popularity in recent years. Originally, they were coveted for their ability to go off-road by hunters and boaters. Now, they are use as alternatives to minivans or station wagons by soccer moms and businessmen. Unfortunately, these vehicles are not appropriate for everyday use, and most of the drivers are ill equipped to get over them properly. SUVs essential to be taken out of general use and chuck in a category where only people who sincerely need the utility can drive them. With all the controversy that these vehicles have caused recently, it is fractious to believe that they existed in relative obscurity for over sixty years. The Chevrolet Suburban, which is hush up around today, was introduced in 1935. It was mainly used as a doing vehicle, however. Jeeps were the first SUVs to break into the personal vehicle market. In a happen upon that nobody understood, Jeep bega n marketing their vehicles to people in affluent, urban areas in the 70s. High gas prices kept the sales low, however. In 1981 gas prices plummeted and the everydays appetite for large cars returned. Jeep Cherokee was introduced in 1984 and was gobbled up. The origin of the SUVs problems comes out of the lack of regulations. Today, as it has always been, cars face very fast regulations on things such as safety and the environment. Lawmakers control everything about cars, from bumper heyday to fuel efficiency. These regulations are the reason that cars have seatbelts, safety glass, and catalytic converters. Because of a convergence of historical oversights, trucks are curiously exempt from many of these fixed car standards. The first thing that happened was that the automakers lobbied to have SUVs classified as sapless trucks so that they could take advantage of these lighter standards. At the time, nobody really raised oft of a fuss because there was not much to mak e a fuss over. Trucks made up less than 1/5 of the vehicles on the road. There were simply not enough of them to do much damage if they were left out of the regulations. Plus, most of the people who own these trucks, and eventually SUVs, used them for their businesses.

The Incompatibility of Copyright and Author :: Internet Laws Essays

The Incompatibility of Copyright and Author Like the book, a songs qualities change as it is presented on the Internet -- instead of being a tangible object, in cyberspace the song is much like McLuhans electric automobile light. Part of what helped recorded music parallel the book was the sh atomic number 18d palpability of their formats comp enactment discs, like bound books, can be held in hand. Without a tangible object to attach the concept of copyright, music becomes pure content, and shapeless, trying to control. Songs passed surrounded by information processing system users have authors in the sense of a creator, precisely not in the sense of an authoring property owner. With the slow advent of changes in consciousness brought on by the new electronic media technology, we may be beginning to see the deconstruction of solid individuality and ownership (304, Sloop & Herman). The networked environs transforms a shargond file into something akin to a conversatio n between two persons. This conceptualization of the music file conflicts with the notion of ownership in that conversations are not owned by either speaker they are shared. The file sharing application Napster, created by Shawn Fanning, works thus. While the computer is disconnected from the network, songs are owned by the owner of the computer in which they reside. But when a network patch is achieved, The resulting program, christened Napster, worked by turning every users computer into a small file server, linking all participants in a giant you show me yours, Ill show you mine, dishing up digitized music (Alderman, 103). Of course, the program make it possible to acquire music without paying for it, but it did so by breaking down the idea of song as an authors property. Part of that sectionalization is caused by the change in medium that MP3 technology do possible. Did Napster point ownership by theft, or was it the nature of the Internet that led to this segmentation? A recent book published by the National question Council explains the difference between in copies make in cyberspace and those made on a Xerox machine . . . so many noninfringing copies are routinely made in using a computer that the act has lost much of its predictive power Noting that a copy has been made (in cyberspace) tells far less about the legitimacy of the behavior than it does in the hard-copy world.