Text Linguistics

TEXT LINGUISTICS Structure As a science of schoolbook, text linguistics describes or explains among different types of text the * divided features * Distinct features Text linguistics is the study of how texts function in homophile inter accomplishment. Beaugrande and Dressler define a text as a communicative oc authorized which meets s eve standards of textuality Cohesion, Coherence, Intentionality, acceptability, Informativity, Situationality and Intertextuality, without some(prenominal) of which the text lead non be communicative.Non-communicative texts ar treated as non-texts. 4 edit Cohesion Surface texts argon the exact row that people see or hear. Cohesion concerns the ways in which the components of the move up text ar connected within a sequence. Grammatical forms and conventions argon adhered to by come along components and thitherfore cohesion rests upon grammatical dependencies. The grammatical dependencies in surface texts are major signals for sorting out meanings and uses.Cohesion encompasses all of the functions that dejection be used to signal trans proceeding among surface elements. SLOWCARS HELD UP much(prenominal) a text jackpot be divided up into variant dependencies. Someone might construe it as a notice more or less slow cars that are held up, so that conclusions could be drawn to the highest degree the need to drive fast to bar being held up. However, it is more seeming for one to divide the text into slow and cars held up, so that drivers will drive slowly to avoid apoplexys or take alternative routes to avoid being caught in the slow traffic.A science of text should explain how ambiguities such(prenominal)(prenominal) as this are viable, as well as how they are precluded or resolved without much difficulty. For efficient communication to take place at that place must be interaction between cohesion and other(a) standards of textuality because the surface alone is not decisive. edit Coherence Coherence conc erns the ways in which archetypes and traffic, which be the surface text, are linked, relevant and used, to achieve efficient communication. A concept is a cognitive content which crapper be retrieved or triggered with a high degree of consistency in the mind * Relations are the links between concepts within a text, with each link prune with the concept that it connects to Surface texts whitethorn not always express relations explicitly therefore people supply as m any(prenominal) relations as are needed to shake off sense out of any particular text. In the example of the street sign SLOW CARS HELD UP, cars is an object concept and held up an action concept, and the cars are the link to held up.Therefore, slow is more promising to be interpreted as a motion than as the speed at which cars are travelling. Types of relations implicate I. Causality Itsy Bitsy rover climbing up the spout. Down came the precipitate and rinse the spider out The fact of raining causes the e vent of washing the spider out because it creates the inevitable conditions for the latter without the rain, the spider will not be washed out. II. Enablement Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall The action of sitting on the wall created the sufficient besides not necessary conditions for the action of falling down.Sitting on a wall makes it possible that not obligatory for falling down to occur. III. Reason Jack shall necessitate but a penny a day because he cant work any faster In contrast to the rain which causes Itsy Bitsy spider to be washed out, the slow working does not rattling cause or enable the low wage. Instead, the low wage is a reasonable outcome reason is used to term actions that occur as a rational response to a previous event. IV. social function Old draw Hubbard went to the cupboard to get her poor dog a bone In contrast to Humpty Dumptys action of sitting on the wall which enables the action of falling down, there is a plan in volved here Humpty Dumpty did not sit on the wall so that it could fall down but Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard so that she could get a bone. Purpose is used to term events that are planned to be made possible via a previous event. V. Time Cause, Enablement and Reason have advancing directionality with the earlier event causing, enabling or providing reason for the afterward event. Purpose, however, has a backward directionality as the later event provides the purpose for the earlier event. More than just a feature of texts, ropiness is also the outcome of cognitive processes among text users. The nearness and proximity of events in a text will trigger trading operations which recover or create viscidness relations. The butt of Hearts, she made some tartsThe Knave of Hearts, he stole the tarts The King of Hearts, called for the tarts In the explicit text, there is a set of actions (making, stealing and occupation) the only if relations presented are the agent and the touch oned entity of each action.However, a text receiver is standardisedly to drive that the locations of all triplet events are close to one another as well as occur in a continuous and relatively short term frame. One might also assume that the actions are meant to signal the attributes of the agents the Queen is skilled in cooking, the Knave is dishonest and the King is authoritative. As such, coherence encompasses inferencing based on ones knowledge. For a text to make sense, there has to be interaction between ones accrued knowledge and the text-presented knowledge.Therefore, a science of texts is probabilistic instead of deterministic, that is, inferences by users of any particular text will be similar most of the clock instead of all of the time. Most text users have a super C core of cognitive composition, engagement and process such that their interpretations of texts through perception are similar to what text senders intend them to be. Without cohesion and co herence, communication would be slowed down and could break down altogether. Cohesion and coherence are text-centred notions, designating operations directed at the text materials. edit IntentionalityIntentionality concerns the text producers stance and intentions as the text producer uses cohesion and coherence to attain a goal specified in a plan. Without cohesion and coherence, intended goals whitethorn not be achieved due to a breakdown of communication. However, depending on the conditions and bunks in which the text is used, the goal may still be attained even when cohesion and coherence are not upheld. Want I digest you on my back? Even though cohesion is not retained in this example, the text producer still succeeds in achieving the goal of conclusion out if the text receiver wanted a piggyback. edit Acceptability Acceptability concerns the text receivers bearing that the text should constitute multipurpose or relevant details or information such that it is deserv ing accepting. Text type, the desirability of goals and the political and sociocultural setting, as well as cohesion and coherence are important in influencing the acceptability of a text. Text producers often speculate on the receivers attitude of acceptability and present texts that maximizes the probability that the receivers will respond as coveted by the producers.For example, texts that are open to a wide range of interpretations, such as Call us before you dig. You may not be able to afterwards, require more inferences about the related consequences. This is more effective than an explicit version of the message that informs receivers the full consequences of digging without calling because receivers are left with a large amount of uncertainty as to the consequences that could result this plays to the risk averseness of people. edit Informativity Informativity concerns the extent to which the contents of a text are already known or expected as compared to unknown or unexpect ed.No matter how expected or predictable content may be, a text will always be informative at least(prenominal) to a certain degree due to unforeseen variability. The processing of passing informative text demands greater cognitive ability but at the same time is more interesting. The aim of informativity should not exceed a point such that the text becomes likewise complicated and communication is endangered. Conversely, the level of informativity should also not be so low that it results in ennui and the rejection of the text. edit Situationality Situationality concerns the factors which make a text relevant to a situation of occurrence.The situation in which a text is exchanged influences the comprehension of the text. There may be different interpretations with the road sign SLOWCARS HELD UP However, the most likely interpretation of the text is obvious because the situation in which the text is presented provides the consideration which influences how text receivers int erpret the text. The group of receivers (motorists) who are required to provide a particular action will find it more reasonable to assume that slow requires them to slow down rather than keyring to the speed of the cars that are ahead.Pedestrians can tell easily that the text is not directed towards them because varying their speeds is inconsequent and irrelevant to the situation. In this way, the situation decides the sense and use of the text. Situationality can affect the means of cohesion less cohesive text may be more abstract than more cohesive text depending on the situation. If the road sign was Motorists should reduce their speed and proceed slowly because the vehicles ahead are held up by road works, therefore proceeding at too high a speed may result in an accident, every possible doubt of intended receivers and intention would be removed.However, motorists only have a very short amount of time and help to focus on and react to road signs. Therefore, in such a case, e conomical use of text is much more effective and appropriate than a fully cohesive text. edit Intertextuality Intertextuality concerns the factors which make the utilization of one text dependent upon knowledge of one or more previously encountered text.If a text receiver does not have anterior knowledge of a relevant text, communication may break down because the understanding of the current text is obscured. Texts such as parodies, rebuttals, forums and classes in school, the text producer has to refer to prior texts while the text receivers have to have knowledge of the prior texts for communication to be efficient or even occur. In other text types such as puns, for example Time flies like an arrow fruit flies like a banana, there is no need to refer to any other text.