Women as Sexsual Object

Sexism Wo custody as Sexual Objects Since the beginning of time, wo men use up forever and a day been described by men as having cozy appeal. However, most of the descriptions held a negative stigma in them. In Koreas fairytale, there exists a mythical gumiho, a nine-tailed crucify who could transform into a beautiful charr so that they faecal matter puddle unsuspecting men and eat their broodrs. What does this tells us? workforce, bew atomic number 18 on that point ar beautiful women out there who argon out to trick you so that she terminate eat your liver. This reeks of finishism where women ar held in negative assumptions.Media further reinforces this peck by broadcasting fancys, programs or video ventures that exploit womens informal appeal. In the past, women are reprobated if they could allure other womens men they are said to be wicked and bad (or to used the vernacular word, a whore). If they are ransacked, it will al miens be the womens cracking they wore revealing c isthmushes, they were seducing him, etc. The men were never blamed, at least non directly. They are absolved of any responsibilities towards the women, even if the women that they had raped became pregnant and were the capable of ridicule among other concourse.Even when the men are punished for their crimes, the women will always bear a stigma they are considered to be dirty and come lower precondition than a slave. I watch a lot of Korean dramas. They unremarkably are centered on the theme of love. thither usually will be two characters of woman calibres in the story. graduation exercise and foremost is the heroine. She can be a successful woman in her career, or a naive school girl, or a woman who is facing just about difficulties in her life they will always be identifiable because they are the good girl who are kind to others or are sympathetic to others plight.They will always select the heroes. Then, there are the other women on the other side of s pectrum. They are usually the bad girl, the superstar who wanted to steal the heroes. They are the shrewd temptresses, are two-faced and are out to get the heroine. However, in the end, judge will prevail and the bad girls will get whats coming to her. This is a type of negative stereotyping. Either the girl is kind and innocent, or the girl is a wily seductress. The girls gender is muckleed as a bad skimpyg her weapons in tricking mankind. Womans land upuality is further exploited in video blues.A 1998 study found that a significant amount of games portrayed women as hinge upon objects (Dietz). There have been a lot of Japanese adult video games published lately where the goal of the games is for the pseudo to assault the wills of the women characters and seduce them until they become his faithful sex slave. An example of this game is Gibo Step drives Sins. In this game, the pseuds don had just gotten married and his overbold wife and her daughter had moved into the players house. The player had a grudge against his tangible mother because he had walk upon his mother while she was cheating on his father.He transferred his hatred towards his new mother,Misaki and tried very awkward to seduce her in order to upraise his point that all women are depraved and couldnt contain their inner wanton feelings to themselves. In the course of proving his point, he groped Misaki on the crowded unexclusive train and let everyone else see her stepmother being covered in his source (after he covered his experience pant, of course). He withal installed small hide camera in the bath room so that he can memorize a peek of Misaki and her daughter, Shiina showering and using the toilet at a later time.He repeatedly tried to bend Misakis will to check off to his wants and punished her psychologically when she refused. For example, Misaki wanted them to feel the likes of a real family and asked him to call her mom. He then slyly agreed to follow her pray i n exchange for a kiss on the lips. When she initially refused, he cajoled her into agreeing to his terms. This happens repeatedly throughout the game, even when she repeatedly says no, until her will is broken and she became his sex slave. This game cleverly rescinded using animal(prenominal) violence to break the women characters alternatively the player had to use psychological persuasions to get what he wants.Never the less, this game silent degrades women and their sexuality. Then, there are video games where the player downright raped women to break their wills. RapeLay is one of these games. In this game, the player initially attempt to grope a girl named Aoi, but was arrested when she reported it. His parents bribed his way out though, and he be after to take revenge against Aoi for busting him by raping her as well as her mother and sister. The girls will be groped until they are aroused against their will, and then they are raped. erstwhile a girls will is broken, you can count on her to help you molest her relatives.If she is pregnant, which happened when you choose to ejaculate inside her while having vaginal sex, you will have to force her to abort the baby if you want to live through the game. However, the girl will commit suicide after this by taking a poison pill. You are free to rape these women as long as the game doesnt end. Though the sex themselves are non-consensual, there was never any violence nor torture while the player is raping the women. Usually, the women will give in after a while, and they even enjoyed the sex (supposedly).As you can see, this does not bode well with women. Are we supposed to shine that a woman will enjoyed the sex while she is being raped by a stranger, even though she initially resists his intention? If this is taken as a fact, then the psycho will took this as a legitimate reason to rape women against their will because according to the video games, the women may resists it at first but they will enjoy it after a while. This mis intelligence is dangerous for women. If the men believed this, then women are prone to be subjected to physical and emotional abuse in their relationships.A research by Apt and Hurlbert (1993) notable that women who experienced sexual abuse in their relationships expressed higher levels of sexual dissatisfaction and has negative attitudes toward sex. They likewise will have a tendency to avoid sex altogether compared to women who did not suffer any abuse whatsoever. This humankind is a far cry from the games depiction that women enjoyed being raped. Even to a greater extent disturbing is the possibility that women who experienced sexual violence may blame themselves for the experiences (Bennice et al. , 2003).Furthermore, in one research, college students rated fe manful characters in video games to be more sexually provocative than the male characters (Ogletree & Drake, 2007), which shows that these students have a negative perception towards womens sexuality. Video games that feature women as a speculative raspberry with guns have become popular during recent years. Lara Croft is one of them. This game features Lara Croft, the protagonist, who travels nearly the world in the direction of searching for rare and mystical artifacts. Lara is the eventual(prenominal) sex symbol.Shes sexy, shes brainy, shes athletic, and she kicks and kills people, literally (or at least, she does in the video game). She is a powerful woman who can campaign to comfort herself. This is what Toby Gard, the creator of Lara Croft, intends for Lara to be she is sexy because she is powerful. However, other people attributed her status as a sex symbol mainly because of her physical behavior, or to be exact, her body. Play Station Magazine even listed big white meat as one of her famous physical attributes. It also help that the game is in 3D mode, which makes Lara body appears realistic, even when it is not.Laras body in reality is an image produc t of a mans fantasy. When the game is adapted to real life film, Angelina Jolie, who played her had to wear padding on her converge to add the big breast effect to Laras character (Lara Croft has 36D cup size while Jolies is 36C). She also has to gain some weight to portray Laras curvaceous body. Angelina Jolie has stated that personally, she is comfortable with her own body and wouldnt want breast as big as Laras. However, many players, especially men, appeared to be happy with Laras body.They performed in-game actions to view nearer camera angles of her breast, and some fans also created cheat code that would make Lara take her clothing. Some fans also created artworks called the Nude pamperer, which featured images of Lara in the nude. It has become a trend nowadays to produce movies that featured women as a tough chick who are involved in lurid fights. Example of one is Kill Bill, produced by Quentin Tarantino. It tells the story of the Bride, a ninja assassin, who is on a m ission to kill all of her precedent assassin colleagues who took part in the put to death on her wedding day.She was shot in the head by Bill, her former boss and lover during her wedding day. The movie justify the Brides actions by acknowledging that she deserved her vengeance after being wronged by her boss and his wide assassin squad. The film was filled with action and violence all the way. The Bride went on a killing spree mission, assassinating the people on her kill list, and the agglomerate was not pleasant. There are a lot of bloods splashed, gory images of limbs component ways with the body. And funnily enough, almost all of the assassin squad is women. The lonesome(prenominal) exception was Budd, Bills brother.This film glorifies women as killing machines. They are the absolute femme fatale whose looks can kill (literally). The heroine herself is a powerful woman, which in work on make her hot. Women embrace this perception of female aggressive sexuality. I myself, on occasion, dreamed of being a lethal woman, who can fight her way out of trouble. It is appealing to think of myself that way, because to me a femme fatale is both hot and sexy. I think the reason we find an aggressive women sexy is because we can cling to ourselves from threats, and the notion of being able to fight is opposite to the traditional view of womens femininity.Women has always been viewed as weak and relying on the strength of a man to protect them from harm, and the idea that we could defy that and be able to fight a man on our own are very appealing. The women are empowered by strength and the ability to handles weapons its not hard to see why women are attracted to this view. Among other things, women are also bear upon by the ideal body portrayed in video games. In video games, the women character is busty and curvy while being thin at the same time. Of course, this is not realistically possible.It has been confirmed that young women usually compare themselves with the models they see in advertisement (Richins, 1991). And they dont like what they see in themselves. However, women are slake obsessed with achieving what they saw as the perfect body and go on extensive diet to let it. In the course they neglect to take proper care of their body. And when they still couldnt achieve it, they are depressed and ashamed because they think they are fat, and their self confidences plummet down the drain. Men who played video games also have unrealistic perceptions toward womens body.In video games, women characters are usually shown as having small breast, thin body and small hips. There has been several researches which show that there is a positive correlation between large breast and attractiveness (Furnham, Hester ,& Weir, 1990 Kelinke & Staneski, 1980). In one study, Amy Rask surveyed the male student on which type of womens body they think are realistic. The majority of them choose the tipple that showed a skinny woman with a large breast. This means that the male players are instilled by the video games because the games altered their perceptions on realistically well-proportioned womens body.In my Best Plan Paper, I used utilitarian Theory to guide me in making decision that will affect people I never met. In this particular topic, I would take actions that will benefits everyone in the longer run. I think it would serve the partnership greater benefits if game makers start to portray the characters especially their physical appearance as realistically as possible. This way, the player will not be misinformed and have unrealistic expectations towards their own or others body. effect against women should also be discouraged especially in video games and media. There should also be stricter rating dodging on violence.This way parents can avoid bringing their kids to the film that contains extensive violence. The available rating system on violence is too loose. For example, Kill Bill, which is a very violent film depicting gory killing scene, is granted PG-13 when it should only be viewed by teenage aged 18 and above only. The gild should also be educated in the effect of violence and abuse on women, and if the media need to portray the violence on screen, they should be as negligible as possible and served as a reminder to educate the people on the effect this abuse will have on societys harmony in general.Works Cited Rask, Amy. Video Game Vixens Shaping Mens Perceptions of Beauty? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the world-wide Communication Association, TBA, San Francisco, CA, May 23, 2007 . http//www. allacademic. com/meta/p171095_index. html 5 March 2011 Rayhill, Ryan (August 2007). Tomb Raider Anniversary. PlayStation Magazine (Future Publishing) (126) 82. Miller, Prairie. Angelina Jolie on Filling Lara Crofts Shoes and D-Size Cups. NY Rock. June 2001 Web. http//www. nyrock. com/interviews/2001/jolie_int. sp 5 March 2011 Rapelay. Giant Bomb. Web. http//www. giantbomb. com/ rapelay/61-16696/ 5 March 2011 Geddes, Dan. Kill Bill Vol. 1 (2003). The Satirist. 19 January 2004. Web. http//www. thesatirist. com/films/Killbill. html 5 March 2011 Offmann, Alia & Matherson, Kimberly. Healthy Place. The Sexual Self-Perceptions of unseasoned Women Experiencing Abuse in Dating Relationships. 1 November 2004 Web. http//www. healthyplace. com/sex/abuse/the-sexual-self-perceptions-of-young-women-experiencing-abuse-in-dating-relationships/menu-id-66/ 5 March 2011

Deena Shakir Essay

Richard Watts Jr. describes the striking similarity between the Salem magnetise trials and the McCarthy Era as a bark between the rights of freeman and the bay window efforts to destroy them under the guise of defending decency. All good authorship conveys a strong message for the reader to take a steering, and effectively render to his everyday life.In the novel The Crucible, author Arthur miller uses 17th prude society, and the Salem beldam trials as a vehicle to pull ahead a strong political statement about the reputation of conformity in an overly hysterical society, and the fundamental struggle man faces to retain lesson righteousness in the face of a cruel world. Written in the heart of the McCarthy Era, The Crucible makes sweeping statements about the nature of society during a crisis, and how peck deal with the introduction of beliefs that differ from their traditional way of thought.Claiming the populate of his society are just as intolerant as the Puritans, Mi ller desperately pleads with them to learn from their mistakes, and not persecute separates based on the nature of their beliefs. Through the story of the Salem witch trials, Miller epitomizes the never-ending contradict between an individual and society as a continuous struggle to retain ones good righteous, and not give in to illogical societal demands.Through the actions of the court officials, the girls, and the Christ figures, Miller effectively points out the manner in which society persecutes those who refuse to conform in their ways of thinking, and the nature of the challenging test individuals are forced to make in such a conflict. The society in Salem to a fault demands conformity from the court system, a place where those who dare to be antithetical are tried.At least on face, it appears that the court simply wants those people who challenge society to be brought to justice. However, during the Salem witch trials, the court officials, who ironically are the one group in society who are single-handed responsible for administering justice fairly, act simply out of self-interest, striving unaccompanied to soothe the community, and gain fame. Relaying on nothing more than spectral evidence, Danforth and the otherwise court officials condemn those who refuse to conform to societys beliefs. chthonic the guise of religious duty, Danforth strives solely to appease the community, and benefit his standing in society. He believes that a person is either with the court or he must be counted against it. When one does not conform to the norms of society and challenges it, he is condemned to die. For example, upon discovering that John Proctor does not come to church on Sundays, he automatically assumes that Proctor must be guilty, and must be hanged. He appears motivated solely by the desire to gain fame.For example, in the lowest act of the play right before the hanging, Reverend Hale tries to impel Danforth to postpone the hanging. Danforth knows tha t the village expects to see them die this morning and cannot postpone the solvent because postponement now speaks a floundering on my Danforths part. Danforths actions show that he not only acts out of self motivation and the desire to appease society, but also fails the to overcame his conflict with society.Reverend John Hale, on the other hand, also appointed to work with the court during the witch trials, makes his decisions based on his own ethics instead of what society prefers. Hale, an expert on witch trials and a stranger in Salem finds it difficult to draw a bring in opinion on them that come accused before court. universe a minister of the Lord, Hale judges others based on clear evidence and does not dare to take a life without proof. His morals prevent him from just simply doing what will appeal to society.Even though he desires to be allied with the best minds in Europe- kings, philosophers, scientists, and ecclesiasts of all churches, he, unalike Danforth and th e court officials, refuses to let his personal ambition come in the way of administering justice fairly. He even rejects his religious doctrine in the human body of justice, claiming that life life is Gods most precious boon no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it. Unlike Danforth and his egocentric motivation, Reverend Hale refuses to conform to what society dictates, clinging on to his own moral beliefs.

Impact of E-Learning in Secondary Schools Students

The development of technology and the Internet all everyplace the world during the last decade has enabled brand-new raisingal delivery methods deal E-learning. It is the hire of technology to enable people to learn any cartridge clip and anywhere. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, com drifter-based learning, virtual(prenominal) bringing up opportunities and digital collaboration. stakeholders at distinguishable levels, such as researcher, practitioners and institutions bring in the value of e-learning Kira 2009, thus countries all over the world has adapted to this new delivery method, and Fiji as one of the developing countries has also joined them.The Universities in Fiji arouse already started using this method and by 2014 Fiji hopes to implement this education method in around 20 secondary school. As online education gains in popularity, it becomes to a greater extent central to recognize the inherent advantages and disadvantages offered by this mediumRichard Ha drug user 2012. timothy Rodgers 2008 also stated that as the use of e-learning is becoming more and more widespread in higher education it has become increasingly important to examine the impact that this teaching style has on student performance.There have been a number of researches conducted to prove numerous advantages of E-learning. Firstly, E-learning is constitute effective, for example, at that place ar no travel costs. Melissa et al 2011stated, access to online training is cost effective. Higgins 2012 also supported that by stating that e-learning evoke be effective for students as they do non need to travel and efficient in hurt of time. Majority of the learners being middle aged education professionals and keen on professional development could take course that are offered through e-learning since it does not impinge upon their work times. Shikha Raturi 2011 Secondly, E-learning has Flexibility, Accessibility, and Convenience. Here the Lea rners can proceed through a training program at their get pace and at their own place. They can also access the e-Learning course at any time and only as much as they need. The rapid advance of nett technology has enable universities to reach out and educate students across time and space barrier Shu-Sheng Liaw 2008. Higgins 2012 also supported the claim by stating that e-learning can provide flexibility in terms of time and place. Mary F.Fortune 2011 states in her research that eLearning is also convenient to learners who have problem with communication skills. Thirdly, E-learning has a lot of exchange of ideas and sharing of companionship. Higgins 2012 specified that e-learning enhances the efficiency of access of knowledge. Shu-Sheng Liaw 2008 determine that eLearning assists learners in collaborative learning, exchanging ideas and sharing knowledge. The author also stated that in web based arranging, learners are encourage to exchange ideas, share perspectives, and use previ ous knowledge in order to decide on the top hat solution for the problem.He also specified that knowledge sharing also enhances damp teaching and learning. Although there are a lot of positives about ELearning, there are many disadvantages of E-Learning schools, and disadvantages with the ELearning process. The branch issue is skills are required for the user to be able to take advantage of the E-learning. That is basic computer knowledge is require for E-learning. Kira 2009 stated in his paper that fifty percent of adults, including the first year University students, have some sort of computer related phobia.Kushir 2009 discussed in the paper that insufficiency of certain skills or experience might put one at a disadvantage when compared to the experienced once. Lack of running(a) knowledge and of capabilities narrowed the options of the users in E-learning. Falloon 2011 Next issue with E- learning is closing off of learners. As stated by Higgins 2012 learners might suffer fr om closing off and lack of direct social interaction. Further to that point Falloon 2011 added that learners studying at a distance can still suffer from a sense of isolation and disconnect which can adversely affect their performance.Ease of use of E-learning system is another(prenominal) issue that affects the learners. This is when the learning system interface is not user favorable learners have problems using the system. Kira 2009 indicated in her work that computer anxiety was influenced by how users perceive ease of use of an information system. Shu-Sheng Liaw 2008 also added to ease of the system as user acceptance towards the system, where learners are concerned about the operating(a) methods and functions. Information Overload is another issue of E-learning.Students reported feeling clog up in the eLearning courses. Kushir 2009. His work also stated that some online environments are unnecessarily cluttered with ir pertinent stimuli and information or the way in which the relevant information is organized affects how students learn. From the works of the above researchers it can be cognize that for any popular system there are positive and ostracize impacts depending on a range of factors such as different kinds of user, different locations of the system, different choice of users and so on.And as Fiji has recently stepped into this technological approach of E-learning it will have its own set advantages and disadvantages. However, from the literature review the flutter in E-learning was identified as equal Accessibility of the phenomenon by the reality of both rural and urban centers. It was also identified that computer Literacy of participants influenced their modal value of learning.

Past Paper

NSS MATHEMATICS IN ACTION HONG KONG fleece OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION MOCK PAPER MATHEMATICS exacting Part write up 2 Time allowed 1 hour 15 minutes 1. Read c befully the instructions on the Answer ragtime and insert the information required in the spaces provided. 2. There argon 45 questions in this book. All questions carry equal scrawls. 3. Answer ALL Questions. You be advised to use an HB pencil to mark all the dissolvers on the Answer Sheet. Wrong tag must be completely erased with a clean rubber. 4. You should mark solitary(prenominal) ONE answer for each question. If you mark more than one answer, you will receive NO MARKS for that question. . No marks will be deducted for wrong answers. Pearson educational activity Asia control NSS MIA 2012 do by Paper (Compulsory Part) Paper 2 There argon 30 questions in Section A and 15 questions in Section B. The diagrams in this newspaper ar not necessarily drawn to scale. Choose the best answer for each question. Section A 1. If n is an integer, then 33 n = 9 n ? 1 6. Which of the sp be-time activity statements or so the equating 3( x ? 2) 2 ? 6 x ? 2 is current? A. It has distinct, proportionalitynal authentic roots. B. It has distinct, irrational real roots. C. It has equal real roots. D. It has no real roots. 7. It is cognize that a polynomial g(x) is ivisible by 2x + 3. Which of the following must be a factor of g(4x 3)? 2 n ? 1 A. B. C. D. 2. x 2 ? y 2 ? 2 xy ? 4 ? A. B. C. D. 3. A. B. C. D. 8. 1. 5. 8049. 8053. a = 3, b = ? 2 . a = 3, b = ? 3 . a = ? 2, b = ? 2 . a = ? 2, b = ? 3 . B. C. D. 9. Let p be a constant. authorize the equation ( x ? p )( x ? p ? 1) ? x ? p . A. B. C. D. Pearson commandment Asia extra NSS MIA 2012 handle Paper (Compulsory Part) Paper 2 2 1. 1 . 6 1. 2. ? hammer sold a vase to Mary at a profit of 15 %. Later, Mary sold the vase to David for $ 6400 and gained $ 420. What was the cost price of the vase for Peter? A. B. C. D. x ? ?p x ? p ? 1 ? ? p or x ? p ? 1 x ? ? p or x ? p 2x ? 3 4x ? 3 8x ? 3 8x ? 9 If x is an integer satisfying 4x ? 1 , then the 2(1 ? x) ? 6 x and x ? ?2 greatest value of x is A. If 5a ? 2b ? a ? 4b ? 11 , then A. B. C. D. 5. ( x ? y ? 2)( x ? y ? 2) ( x ? y ? 2)( x ? y ? 2) ( x ? y ? 2)( x ? y ? 2) ( x ? y ? 2)( x ? y ? 2) If f ( x) ? x 2012 ? 2012 x ? 2012 , then 2 f (? 1) ? 3 = A. B. C. D. 4. ?1? . ?3? 3n ? 1 . 3n ? 2 . 35 n ? 2 . $ 5200 $ 5970 $ 6877 $ 7780 10. The scale of a map is 1 250. If the area of a resort area on the map is 20 cm2, what is the actual area of the playground? A. B. C. D. 11. 5000 cm2 125 m2 625 m2 5000 m2 A.B. C. D. Let an be the nth term of a sequence. If a1 ? ?2 , a2 ? 1 and a n ? 2 ? 4a n ? 1 ? a n for any positive integer n, then a5 = A. B. C. D. 14. The circumference of a circle is measured to be 10 cm, settle to the nearest 0. 5 cm. Which of the following is a possible area of the circle? 15. 86. 66. 46. 26. In the go out, CDE and BDF are straight lines. If DF = DE a nd AB // CE, induce ?ABD. 12. It is given that s varies jointly as t2 and u. If t is increased by 15% and u is diminish by 20%, then s A. B. C. D. is decreased by 8 %. is decreased by 5. 8 %. is increased by 5. 8 %. is increased by 8 %. 13. If z ? y and y 2 ? 4. 2 cm2 8. 55 cm2 8. 14 cm2 7. 11 cm2 A. B. C. D. 76? 104? 116? 128? 16. In the figure, a = 1 , which of the x following is true? triple. z2 ? y2 1 x? y 2 3xz is a non-zero constant. A. B. C. D. I and II merely I and III only II and III only I, II and III I. II. Pearson Education Asia Limited NSS MIA 2012 do by Paper (Compulsory Part) Paper 2 A. B. C. D. 3 40?. 45?. 50?. 55?. 17. In the figure, ABCD is a rhombus and FBC is a triangle. If FA = 2 cm and BC = 3 cm, escort ED. 19. In the figure, a circular retinal cone is cut into two parts A and B by a plane parallel to the base. 4 that of the 9 foundingal cone, find the ratio of the olumes of A and B. If the base area of A is A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D. 1 cm 1. 2 cm 1. 5 c m 1. 8 cm 18. The figure shows a right pyramid with a square base and a tip edge of length 17 cm. If the total length of the edges of the pyramid is 132 cm, find the total surface area of the pyramid. 23 8 19 8 27 19 27 20. Through which of the following transformations, would figure A be transformed to figure B? I. Translation II. whirling III. Reflection A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D. 544 cm2 608 cm2 736 cm2 800 cm2 II III I and III only II and III only 21. If the point P(7, 1) is rotated clockwise about the origin through 90? o Q, what is the distance between P and Q? A. B. C. D. Pearson Education Asia Limited NSS MIA 2012 Mock Paper (Compulsory Part) Paper 2 4 5 units 72 units 10 units 128 units 22. If a 0, b 0 and c 0, which of the following may represent the graph of the straight line ax ? by ? c ? 0 ? 23. In the figure, 2BC = 5AC. Find sin ? . A. 2 29 A. B. C. B. D. 24. 29 2 cos(180? ? ? ) 1 ? ? sin(180? ? ? ) tan(90? ? ? ) A. B. C. D. C. 2 5 5 2 tan 2 ? tan ? 1 1 25. In t he figure, O is the centre of the circle ABCD. Find x. D. A. B. C. D. 36? 40? 42? 45? 26. What is the area of the circle x2 + y2 + 12x ? y + 9 = 0? A. B. C. D. Pearson Education Asia Limited NSS MIA 2012 Mock Paper (Compulsory Part) Paper 2 5 9? 43? 52? 61? 27. Two fair dice are propel once. What is the probability of getting a sum of 4 or 6? A. B. C. D. 1 6 2 9 5 9 5 36 30. The pie chart below shows the distribution of the nationalities of 60 students randomly selected from an external school. It is given that 9 of them are American. 28. The thump-and-whisker diagram below shows the distribution of the heights (in cm) of 40 students in a class. Find the number of students whose heights are between 145 cm and 150 cm. A. B. C. D. 5 10 20 30If there are 840 students in the international school, estimate the number of Australian students in the school. A. 196 B. 208 C. 216 D. 224 Section B 31. 29. a , a, a + d, a + 3d and a + 6d is a group of poetry pool. Which of the following must be true? A. B. I. The mean of the group of numbers is a + 2d. II. The median of the group of numbers is a + d. III. The mode of the group of numbers is 2. A. B. C. D. C. D. I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III Pearson Education Asia Limited NSS MIA 2012 Mock Paper (Compulsory Part) Paper 2 1? 6 ab b ? ? 2 a ? b b? a 2 1 a2 a2 ? b2 b2 a2 ? b2 a 2 ? 2ab ? b 2 a2 ? b2 32. Which of the following best represent the graph of y ? 2 log 3 x ? x 2 x ? 1 34. Solve 16 ? 2 ? A. A. B. C. D. B. 15 ? 0. 2 5 2 5 or 3 2 5 log 8 log 5 ? log 2 log 4 35. If a and k are real numbers and a ? 11i ? (2 ? 3i )(3 ? ki) , then A. B. C. D. C. D. NSS MIA 2012 Mock Paper (Compulsory Part) Paper 2 ? ? 1 . ? 1. ? ? 1 . ? 1. 36. Find the maximal value of P = 1 x 4y subject to the following constraints. 1 ? x ? 3 2 ? y ? 4 ? ? ?2 y ? x ? 2 ? x ? 2 ? ?2 y ? 33. If ? and ? are the roots of the quadratic equation 4 x 2 ? 5 x ? 3 ? 0 , find the value 1 1 + . of 2? 2? 3 A. ? 5 2 B. ? 5 5 C. 8 5D. 6 Pearson Education Asia Limited a ? 3, k a ? 3, k a ? 9, k a ? 9, k A. B. C. D. 7 3 4 6 7 37. It is given that three positive numbers x, y and z are in geometric sequence. Which of the following must be true? I. x3, y3, z3 are in geometric sequence. II. 3x, 3y, 3z are in geometric sequence. III. log x2, log y2, log z2 are in arithmetic sequence. A. B. C. D. 40. The figure shows a circle with centre O. BC and BA are the tangents to the circle at C and D respectively. If ? BAC = 42? , find ? BOC. I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III 38. Find x in the figure, correct to the nearest integer. A. B.C. D. 66? 72? 84? 90? 41. The figure shows a triangular prism ABCDEF, where both ? ABF and ?DCE are right-angled isosceles A. B. C. D. 12 13 14 15 triangles. If AB = 10 and BC = 5, find the angle between the line AE and the plane ABCD, correct to the nearest degree. 39. Solve 1 + sin? cos ? = 3sin2? for 0? ? ? ? 360?. A. B. C. D. ? = 45? or 225? ? = one hund red thirty-five? , 207? or 225? ? = 45? , 153? , 225? or 333? ? = 135? , 153? , 315? or 333? Pearson Education Asia Limited NSS MIA 2012 Mock Paper (Compulsory Part) Paper 2 A. B. C. D. 8 14? 17? 22? 45? 42. The figure shows a circle which is symmetrical about the y-axis. A(4, 1) nd B are two end points of a diam of the circle. If the equation of the tangent to the circle at B is 4 x ? 3 y ? 31 ? 0 , find the coordinates of the centre of the circle. A. B. C. D. 3 (0, ) 2 (0, 2) 5 (0, ) 2 1 ( ? , 2) 2 44. A box contains 50 myelins and 8 of them are defective. Two bulbs are drawn at random from the box without replacement. Given that at least one bulb drawn is defective, find the probability that exactly one bulb drawn is defective. 4 A. 13 3 B. 5 4 C. 5 12 D. 13 45. In a Chinese test, the standard scores of the marks obtained by tush and Mary are 1. 05 and 0. 8 respectively. Which of the following are true? I.II. III. 43. There are 2 different English books and 4 different Chine se books on a table. If all the books are cast onto a shelf and the two books at the two ends must be of different languages, in how many ways can the books be consistent? A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D. 32 40 192 384 Pearson Education Asia Limited NSS MIA 2012 Mock Paper (Compulsory Part) Paper 2 Mary performs better than John in the test. Compared with John, the mark obtained by Mary is closer to the mean mark of the test. The mark obtained by John is below the 16th percentile of the marks in the test. I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III End of test 9

Text Linguistics

TEXT LINGUISTICS Structure As a science of schoolbook, text linguistics describes or explains among different types of text the * divided features * Distinct features Text linguistics is the study of how texts function in homophile inter accomplishment. Beaugrande and Dressler define a text as a communicative oc authorized which meets s eve standards of textuality Cohesion, Coherence, Intentionality, acceptability, Informativity, Situationality and Intertextuality, without some(prenominal) of which the text lead non be communicative.Non-communicative texts ar treated as non-texts. 4 edit Cohesion Surface texts argon the exact row that people see or hear. Cohesion concerns the ways in which the components of the move up text ar connected within a sequence. Grammatical forms and conventions argon adhered to by come along components and thitherfore cohesion rests upon grammatical dependencies. The grammatical dependencies in surface texts are major signals for sorting out meanings and uses.Cohesion encompasses all of the functions that dejection be used to signal trans proceeding among surface elements. SLOWCARS HELD UP much(prenominal) a text jackpot be divided up into variant dependencies. Someone might construe it as a notice more or less slow cars that are held up, so that conclusions could be drawn to the highest degree the need to drive fast to bar being held up. However, it is more seeming for one to divide the text into slow and cars held up, so that drivers will drive slowly to avoid apoplexys or take alternative routes to avoid being caught in the slow traffic.A science of text should explain how ambiguities such(prenominal)(prenominal) as this are viable, as well as how they are precluded or resolved without much difficulty. For efficient communication to take place at that place must be interaction between cohesion and other(a) standards of textuality because the surface alone is not decisive. edit Coherence Coherence conc erns the ways in which archetypes and traffic, which be the surface text, are linked, relevant and used, to achieve efficient communication. A concept is a cognitive content which crapper be retrieved or triggered with a high degree of consistency in the mind * Relations are the links between concepts within a text, with each link prune with the concept that it connects to Surface texts whitethorn not always express relations explicitly therefore people supply as m any(prenominal) relations as are needed to shake off sense out of any particular text. In the example of the street sign SLOW CARS HELD UP, cars is an object concept and held up an action concept, and the cars are the link to held up.Therefore, slow is more promising to be interpreted as a motion than as the speed at which cars are travelling. Types of relations implicate I. Causality Itsy Bitsy rover climbing up the spout. Down came the precipitate and rinse the spider out The fact of raining causes the e vent of washing the spider out because it creates the inevitable conditions for the latter without the rain, the spider will not be washed out. II. Enablement Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall The action of sitting on the wall created the sufficient besides not necessary conditions for the action of falling down.Sitting on a wall makes it possible that not obligatory for falling down to occur. III. Reason Jack shall necessitate but a penny a day because he cant work any faster In contrast to the rain which causes Itsy Bitsy spider to be washed out, the slow working does not rattling cause or enable the low wage. Instead, the low wage is a reasonable outcome reason is used to term actions that occur as a rational response to a previous event. IV. social function Old draw Hubbard went to the cupboard to get her poor dog a bone In contrast to Humpty Dumptys action of sitting on the wall which enables the action of falling down, there is a plan in volved here Humpty Dumpty did not sit on the wall so that it could fall down but Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard so that she could get a bone. Purpose is used to term events that are planned to be made possible via a previous event. V. Time Cause, Enablement and Reason have advancing directionality with the earlier event causing, enabling or providing reason for the afterward event. Purpose, however, has a backward directionality as the later event provides the purpose for the earlier event. More than just a feature of texts, ropiness is also the outcome of cognitive processes among text users. The nearness and proximity of events in a text will trigger trading operations which recover or create viscidness relations. The butt of Hearts, she made some tartsThe Knave of Hearts, he stole the tarts The King of Hearts, called for the tarts In the explicit text, there is a set of actions (making, stealing and occupation) the only if relations presented are the agent and the touch oned entity of each action.However, a text receiver is standardisedly to drive that the locations of all triplet events are close to one another as well as occur in a continuous and relatively short term frame. One might also assume that the actions are meant to signal the attributes of the agents the Queen is skilled in cooking, the Knave is dishonest and the King is authoritative. As such, coherence encompasses inferencing based on ones knowledge. For a text to make sense, there has to be interaction between ones accrued knowledge and the text-presented knowledge.Therefore, a science of texts is probabilistic instead of deterministic, that is, inferences by users of any particular text will be similar most of the clock instead of all of the time. Most text users have a super C core of cognitive composition, engagement and process such that their interpretations of texts through perception are similar to what text senders intend them to be. Without cohesion and co herence, communication would be slowed down and could break down altogether. Cohesion and coherence are text-centred notions, designating operations directed at the text materials. edit IntentionalityIntentionality concerns the text producers stance and intentions as the text producer uses cohesion and coherence to attain a goal specified in a plan. Without cohesion and coherence, intended goals whitethorn not be achieved due to a breakdown of communication. However, depending on the conditions and bunks in which the text is used, the goal may still be attained even when cohesion and coherence are not upheld. Want I digest you on my back? Even though cohesion is not retained in this example, the text producer still succeeds in achieving the goal of conclusion out if the text receiver wanted a piggyback. edit Acceptability Acceptability concerns the text receivers bearing that the text should constitute multipurpose or relevant details or information such that it is deserv ing accepting. Text type, the desirability of goals and the political and sociocultural setting, as well as cohesion and coherence are important in influencing the acceptability of a text. Text producers often speculate on the receivers attitude of acceptability and present texts that maximizes the probability that the receivers will respond as coveted by the producers.For example, texts that are open to a wide range of interpretations, such as Call us before you dig. You may not be able to afterwards, require more inferences about the related consequences. This is more effective than an explicit version of the message that informs receivers the full consequences of digging without calling because receivers are left with a large amount of uncertainty as to the consequences that could result this plays to the risk averseness of people. edit Informativity Informativity concerns the extent to which the contents of a text are already known or expected as compared to unknown or unexpect ed.No matter how expected or predictable content may be, a text will always be informative at least(prenominal) to a certain degree due to unforeseen variability. The processing of passing informative text demands greater cognitive ability but at the same time is more interesting. The aim of informativity should not exceed a point such that the text becomes likewise complicated and communication is endangered. Conversely, the level of informativity should also not be so low that it results in ennui and the rejection of the text. edit Situationality Situationality concerns the factors which make a text relevant to a situation of occurrence.The situation in which a text is exchanged influences the comprehension of the text. There may be different interpretations with the road sign SLOWCARS HELD UP However, the most likely interpretation of the text is obvious because the situation in which the text is presented provides the consideration which influences how text receivers int erpret the text. The group of receivers (motorists) who are required to provide a particular action will find it more reasonable to assume that slow requires them to slow down rather than keyring to the speed of the cars that are ahead.Pedestrians can tell easily that the text is not directed towards them because varying their speeds is inconsequent and irrelevant to the situation. In this way, the situation decides the sense and use of the text. Situationality can affect the means of cohesion less cohesive text may be more abstract than more cohesive text depending on the situation. If the road sign was Motorists should reduce their speed and proceed slowly because the vehicles ahead are held up by road works, therefore proceeding at too high a speed may result in an accident, every possible doubt of intended receivers and intention would be removed.However, motorists only have a very short amount of time and help to focus on and react to road signs. Therefore, in such a case, e conomical use of text is much more effective and appropriate than a fully cohesive text. edit Intertextuality Intertextuality concerns the factors which make the utilization of one text dependent upon knowledge of one or more previously encountered text.If a text receiver does not have anterior knowledge of a relevant text, communication may break down because the understanding of the current text is obscured. Texts such as parodies, rebuttals, forums and classes in school, the text producer has to refer to prior texts while the text receivers have to have knowledge of the prior texts for communication to be efficient or even occur. In other text types such as puns, for example Time flies like an arrow fruit flies like a banana, there is no need to refer to any other text.

Organizational Controls Essay

The case describes one of the closely common problems that arise in cross- pagan business expansions without accounting for cultural and social differences across borders. capital of Nebraska is a well established lodge with a great concurrent dictation establishment which enables it to move swiftly through processes and end up with phenomenal figures of efficiency and productivity. The control system at capital of Nebraska is concurrent, although it can be argued that the system has certain similarities with the feed-forward control system.However, one thing is certain the system is quick and flexible to remove quickly which does not consist of the slowness of the feedback system. In particular much(prenominal) a system along with the contrasting types of reward schemes makes Lincoln extremely winnerful in the United States. It would be really difficult to adjust an organization comparable to Lincoln in terms of the amounts and kinds of rewards given to its employees.The o pposite employee rewarding schemes are all tools and techniques which Lincoln has adapted to over the old age because of the realization of the fact that employees in the US are lavishlyly make through pay-based rewards. (Susan Meredith, 2004) Essentially speaking it is this single factor which has contributed largely to the success of Lincoln in the US and the divers(prenominal) kinds of pay-based rewards only seek to adjoin all kinds of people with different ideas and expectations for pay-based rewards.It should be understood by the focal point of Lincoln when they are transporting the US approach to other cultures that the cultures of different nations peradventure and probably are entirely different from the American culture. It is not essential that the same kinds of objects and pay-based rewards may drive them and be active them towards high productivity. There are a lot of other intrinsic rewards available at the brass of managers to use to meet the demands of the workforce.The same types of rewards may not work on different cultures due to the social and political circumstances of those nations. Employees may fuck off different needs, which if met by the management, will motivate them to work harder and achieve levels of high productivity and efficiency. (Daft, 2001) The problem made by the management at Lincoln was to generalize that fact that pay-based and other monetary rewards will definitely motivate employees to achieve high productivity and efficiency.Instead, the operations failed due to the different cultures having different penuryal factors, which obviously were not identified by the Lincoln management. The wind here to be followed by the management is to identify through search and internal mingling the factors that affect motivation and job satisfaction amongst the different cultures in which they have expanded their operations to and address specifically those issues to draw in the same results as in the US. (Robbins, 2004 )Employees would maintain their relationship and confidence in Lincoln only if the organization upholds its the expectations the employees and their unions hold from them. If Lincoln is ineffectual to pay its US workers the bonus they deserve, Lincoln will be in deep trouble. The overall situation would go from bad to worse. It should be understood that the US employees had no share or tear in Lincolns expansions and that the losses arising as a result of the bad policies enforced in the new acquisitions was not transferable onto the US employees.Thus, Lincoln should not dishearten the US employees or risk the deterioration of employee satisfaction, morale and motivation which will affect Lincoln negatively in a remarkable manner. (Robbins, 2004) Therefore, I believe that Lincoln should borrow money to pay its US workers the bonus they actually deserve to take no risks in losing strength employees to its competitors or risk the loss of employee boost and motivation due to a break in expected promises.

Important Dates in American History Essay

Mayflower CompactWhen the pilgrims initiative arrived to the States, the Mayflower Compact, as it is known now, was created. This was the foundation for the Plymouth colonies. To establish colonies, they would first get to obtain a patent from the King of England. However, the need to maintain a society was of great importance, therefore, the Mayflower Compact was established as a social contract. It was signed by all 41 men on the Mayflower.Revolutionary state of warThe revolutionary war is a story that surrounds Americas founding concept freedom. America, from 1775 1783, fought a vicious battle against England. The position sought to control America they did everything they could to weaken America, such as placing soldiers in their homes and expecting them to render for him. Eventually, the war broke out. However, after a fierce battle, we were minded(p) our freedom, and our forefathers tale and sacrifice is one that we acknowledge with pride.WWIWorld War I started as a spar k and ended as an explosion want no other. After the assassination of Arch-duke Franz Ferdinand, Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria declared a ingrain against Serbia. However, sticking with the theme of American History, America did not enter the war until later when Germany began sinking American submarines. the U.S. Congress declared war on the sixth of April, 1917.The Great DepressionOn October of 1929, the stock market crashed, destroy 40% of the value of common stock. The stock market continued to locate until people lost their jobs and life-savings. During this period, Franklin Roosevelt took the lead as president and introduce the indemnity known as the New Deal. This policy created intuitive legislative ideas and helped production of goods and prices, however, this was not enough to end the depression. The WPA was created in order to provide jobs 9 million people gained positions from this program, and later, the Social Security Act of 1935. two the New Deal and WWII are ideas of how the Great Depression came to a halt.McCarthyismMcCarthyism is a shameful period of American History. A fear of the spread of fabianism led to blackmail. During the 1940s, McCarthy, a senator, claimed to know the names of over 200 card-carrying communistic in the U.S.. This began a hunt for infiltrators. Writers were often named communist sympathizers and were often unavailing to continue working. However, in more serious cases, some were jailed for refusing to hark back the names of communists. The media could not stand-up to McCarthy in fear that they, like three-hundred others, would be blacklisted.ResourcesPlymouth.org Mayflower CompactCIA.gov Revolutionary WarPBS.org WWIHistorylearningsite.co.uk America and WWI

Comparing Rich Points

Comparing Rich Points Understanding Nipp angiotensin converting enzymese Langua assimilation explore Thesis Presented in P craftial Fulfillment of the Requirements for graduation with Research short permitter in Nipp angiotensin converting enzymese in the Dep artistic creationment of East Asian linguistic processs & disks at The Ohio State University by Andrew Gaddis The Ohio State University March 2012 Project consultant Professor pile M. Unger, Department of East Asian Language and lit 1 1. Introduction In this thesis, I attempt to file the linguistic and non-linguistic fashions that argon found prominently through circulate Japanese society. This theme is dissever into cardinal major p humanistic discipline.The first-class honours degree is devoted to describing the prominence of the on the wholeegoryical creation scholarship IS A pilgrimage in the linguistic behavior of Japan. The snatch identifys how the same par ableical idea is to a fault found thro ugh come forward the non-linguistic behavior of the Japanese tillage. Based on Lakoff and Johnsons (1979) general hypothesis of signification, this paper examines a particular instance of the race amidst Japanese culture and diction in detail, namely the Sino-Japanese noun doo road, behavior ? and native noun miti. Lakoff and Johnson signal convincingly that fictions argon non on the dot literary or poetic drops of speech communication separate from cut-and-dried actors line use.Metaphorical relations, in their view, ar essential to how speakers of a row deal with meanings. One of their key examples is the conk allegory spark ton in such side of meat objurgates as We arrived at a conclusion and I begettert think our relationship is liberation anywhere. For Lakoff and Johnson, such sentences ornament the fables ARGUMENTS ARE locomoteS and crawl in IS A expedition. Sino-Japanese doo is frequently use as a postfix in nouns with meanings that con none a eldritch racetrack or way, or at least some method of self-cultivation. Since the character ? s habitarily glossed miti, this native noun too has that fictionic connotation. This character was adoptive from chinaware by way of the Korean peninsula in 2 the 1st millennium CE (Frellesvig 2010), where it long had a quick figurative connotation (spiritual travel occurbook or way) already in the classics of the 1st millennium BCE, most notably the Daodejing of Laozi . Today, we opine its widespread use in non-Daoist contexts. I vie that these founts bespeak that the belowlying metaphor breeding IS A locomote is particularly chesty in Japan give voices life (gengo seikatu . By comparing Japanese doo and miti road, path with English voyage, we find similari data links and inconsistencys that can be understood in end trains of the concepts languaculture and rich purports introduced by Michael Agar in his book Language stupefaction. As I result discuss in detail in Section 4, Agar argues (1) that actors line use cannot be understood right(prenominal) the heathenish context in which it is use, and (2) that conspicuous differences in the way two languacultures gabble some the same or similar real-world accompaniments and sluicets reveal how they are structured. forgiving beings str etcetera out a good deal in public all over the world, so similarities in languacultures are numerous and pass judgment, at least for pack supporting in similar ecological circumstances. Rich visors stand out barely because they occur unexpectedly when one compares two languacultures. By comparing Japanese doo and miti with English travel in Lakoff and Johnsons signified, I propose to show that the expedition metaphor is a locus of an important rich nous found within the two languacultures. I turn to the topic of pilgrimages in the second part of the paper (Section 5).Pilgrimages has long had vie a epoch-making post in Japanese spiritual radiat ion diagram. By the time of the capital of Japan diaphragm, a gentleman was expected to cultivate skills in medicine, poetry, the tea ceremony, music, the fall drum, the noh dance, etiquette, the 3 appreciation of craft work, arithmetic, calculation, literary composition, see and writing (Totman 1993,186). at a time one has acquired considerable skill in the art of pursuit, they would oft go on a pilgrimage to learn much(prenominal) just to the highest degree the art and find out the methods apply in distant places. For this reason, pilgrimages were an important acquire devour for the Japanese people. here(predicate), I argue that the concept of schooling IS A JOURNEY exists even in the non-linguistic behavioural context. In the destroy of the section, I argue that LEARNING IS A JOURNEY is a common concept to twain the linguistic domain and the non-linguistic domain of Japanese languaculture. I attempt to institute that the commonality found in the two domains is n ot due to a cause-and-effect relationship, where one domain causes the former(a). Instead, I suggest that both of these behaviors own their origins from a common set of historical circumstances, namely the impact of Chinese culture, Buddhism and Daoism.I argue that the impact of Buddhism and Daoism on Japanese intellectual thought suffer played a bigger role in shaping this abstract metaphor that are prominently seen in both the linguistic and non-linguist domains of Japanese culture. 2. possibility of metaphor For most people, metaphoric mirror images are assumed to be extensions of ordinary style, that is, instances of lecture outside of conventional usage intended to represent or suggest non-literal meaning. For this reason, metaphor is seen as extraordinarya device of the literary or poetic imagination. Opposing this view, 4Lakoff and Johnson argue that metaphor is pervasive in everyday language, thought, and action. To understand metaphor, one moldiness first identify it s source. Lakoff and Johnson train that metaphor originates in prelinguistic thought, not in language per se. Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get hold of around in the world, and how we relate to new(prenominal) people. Thus, our abstract system plays a central role in defining our notions of reality. Since we are not consciously aware of most of the actions we do everyday, distinguishing the different components of our conceptual system is by no means straightforward.However, because communication is based on the same conceptual system that we use in thinking and acting, we can figure out just what that system is equivalent through linguistic analyses. To give a concrete example, Lakoff and Johnson start off with the concept ARGUMENT and the conceptual metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR. The follo raiseg is a list of sentences that they cite to illustrate this point ARGUMENT IS WAR Your claims are indefensible. He attacked every weak point in my tune. His criticisms wer e right on target. Ive never won an controversy with him. You disagree? Okay, shoot (Lakoff & Johnson 1979, 4) 5poster that these sentences are not just explicitly about war scarcely the actions mentioned in the sentences tho ca-ca sense in relation to the concept of war. Since argument is an attempt to persuade soul of some amour or to accept a particular conclusion, we can conceive of arguments as something to win or lose. We defend our position and strategize a way to attack our opposings claims. Though a physical battle does not realise place, a verbal one does, and some(prenominal) of the actions we perform in an argument glisten this. This instance well illustrates how metaphor pervades not just language only when thought and action as well.The full significance of this theory does not come into sight when panoramaing at a ace language and its ambient culture. Try to imagine a culture where arguments are not viewed in terms or war, where no one wins or loses, or wh ere there is no sense of attacking or defending. reckon a culture where direct confrontation is shunned, where people are extremely cautious not to disprove the opinions of others, where the participants social stancees determine the beat of promote that lead be considered as reserve in the conversation, and go-betweens are utilize to solve most conflicts.In such a culture, people would, according to Lakoff and Johnson, view, lie with, perform, and talk about the arguments differently. But the people of our culture might not see them as arguing at all, because what they are doing does not fit our metaphorical understanding of what constitutes arguing. This is how a metaphorical concept structures what we do and how we experience it. It is not that arguments are a subspecies of war in any metaphysical sense. It is rather there is a type of conversation that, in English-speaking culture, is 6 viewed, experienced, performed, and talked about in terms of war.The concept is meta phorically structured, the natural process is metaphorically structured, and, consequently, the language is metaphorically structured. Although metaphor plays a central role in structuring language, there is nevertheless an extensive range of concepts that are not comprehended with the use of metaphor, which practically is referred to literal language. For example, the sentence The apple shake off on Newtons head can be deployed in a comp permitely literal way. It could be an example sentence in an academic paper on generative syntax, or a sentence in a childs book explaining a picture.But in our language, one is more the akinly to encounter this sentence in a context in which it is freighted with metaphorical meaning. It is typically deployed in contexts where the speaker wants to let the listener know that s/he sees a relevant similitude between something they be possessed of any observed or known about and beliefs they share about the invention and discovery. The sentence may be used in a humorous or ironic way (making drama of psyche suddenly realizing something), or a dramatic, serious way (praising someone with a proverbial reference).By comparing our abstractions (ideas, emotions, etc. ) to what can be physically experienced, we can get a grasp on them in clearer terms. The JOURNEY metaphor is comm tho used in numerous languages. In English, we have many aspects where the concept of spang is oft exposit as that of a tour, which forget be referred to as LOVE IS A JOURNEY metaphor. For example, operate a look at the following common expressions 7 step how far weve come. Were at a crossroads. Well just have to go our separate shipway. We cant turn back now. I dont think this relationship is going anywhere.Where are we? Were stuck. Its been a long, bumpy road. This relationship is a dead-end highroad. Were just spinning our wheels. Weve gotten off the track. (Lakoff & Johnson 1979, 44) In every role, love is understood in terms of a pilgrimage. It is clear that the lovers are the travellers, and the relationship is the vehicle. The purpose of the journey is for the travellers to reach a destination, more on the button, for the lovers to accomplish their goals of common interest. What the dead-end street and spinning wheels are alluding to are the difficulties in grasp that destination.The purpose of these expressions is to uphold the listener to draw an inference. Take the expression Where are we? for example. Outside of the love metaphor context, it is a simple question. The metaphorical context invites the listener to reflect on how things came to be the way they are, how they might have turned out differently, and what could be done now to 8 c shinee them. By pass judgment the scenario of making a journey toward the consummation of love, we can comprehend the doctrine of analogy used to reason the human relationship of love.To end the section on a similar note, it is sometimes said that English second language scholarly persons have fretfulness with expressions want Were at a crossroads or its been a long, bumpy road. The likely reason for this is because the difficult part of getting language proficiency does not so much lie in the process of master the vocabulary or grammar of a language, but mastering the metaphors typically used in the language. This is especially the character reference since dictionaries retain only limited account of the metaphorical meaning of words and phrases.The problem is that ways of talking about the experience of love in English language are metaphorically absent in the bookmans language and culture. 1 therefore, scholarship to recognize the metaphorical relations in language is key not only to understanding the way the speakers of the language create by mental act the world but too to acquiring language proficiency. The concept is metaphorically structured, the activity is metaphorically structured, and, consequently, the language is m etaphorically structured. 3. doo and miti? Much like in the English language, the JOURNEY metaphor is a frequently used concept in the Japanese language.Take a look at the following examples of the LOVE 1 An idiom is a word or phrase that is morphologically or syntactically irregular with respect to the language in which it occurs. homegrown speakers often know an expression is idiomatic when asked. Metaphors, on the other hand, often occur below the level of disposition. 9 IS A JOURNEY metaphor in Japanese (1) a. koi no katamiti kippu love GEN one-way ticket unidirectional ticket to love b. koizi no yami loves pathway GEN fantasm Love is blind c. miti naranu koi path will not love illicit love affair d. huuhu no miti husband and wife GEN path married values Again, in every case love is understood in terms of a journey. It is clear that the lovers are the travelers, and the relationship is the vehicle. It is noteworthy to mention, that the relationship can take various form s of a vehicle in the journey. Notice that there 10 is no single consistent vehicle that the journey metaphors all use. In example (1a) the vehicle of the relationship is some elbow room of public transport. Consider a office staff when this expression is used.Given that this expression about a relationship is understood in terms of travel, the kind of debate evoked should generally reflect a item where the lovers (travelers) are in a quickly progressing relationship (vehicle) to their goal of common interest (destination). The one-way ticket most likely implies that returning back to the start of the journey is not considered for the travellers, and that they are fast approaching their destination as if they were traveling by some mode of public transport. The rest of the examples, unlike (1a), do not specify the means of transportation for the travelers.For examples (1b) and (1c), this is because the purpose of the expression is to describe the impediments the travelers encou nter in pursuing the destination. The literal translation of the two would be darkness of loves pathway, and path that will not drop dead to the destination of love. What the darkness and mis put acrossd path are alluding to is the difficulties in reaching the destination, both of which implies that a change of action needs to be taken to successfully reach the destination. (1d) literally translates the path of the married couple. This expression represents the example path a married couple should take. Take a look at the following for examples of the LIFE IS A JOURNEY metaphor, which is also commonly found in both languages. (2) 11 a. zinsei yama ari tani ari life trade exists vale exists Life has its ups and down b. ikiru miti live (vb) road The road of life c. senri no miti mo ippo kara metre-mile GEN road FOC one-step ABL A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step Notice that the literal translation of these expressions in Japanese and English are extreme ly idiomatic.This is wherefore a word for word rendering of the expressions would seem unnatural. In example (2a), the lexical items yama mountain and tani valley are translated ups and downs. Knowing that this expression represents life as a sort of journey with obstacles to overcome, we can conjecture the logic behind this expression without much effort. A traveler would occasionally encounter times of carnal cognition ease and difficulty end-to-end the journey. While walking up a mountain is a laborious task, walking down the mountain into the valley requires considerably less effort.What the metaphor suggests is that the experience of life is much like that. There are times of ups and downs, good and bad, easy and hard etc. Nevertheless, if the expression were to remain in its literal translation, life has its 12 mountains and valleys, it would not be too difficult for the English speaker to comprehend the substance being communicated. Since LIFE IS A JOURNEY is a commonly used metaphor in the English language as well, the enormous amount of information that is not explicitly provided will be understood from the knowledge of how life is understood in relation to a journey.It is not that the languages do not have expressions that are equivalent in meaning, but it is more that the lexical items used to construct a metaphorical expression in one language do not match the lexical items in the other. Therefore, even if the expression is uncommon to the hearer, given that it is a commonly used metaphor in the languages, an intelligent guess can be keep back to reach out sense of it all. The following is an example of the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor (3) gakumon ni oodoo nasi scholarship DAT royal-road non-existent There is no over-embellished highroad to learningBased on the meaning of this expression described in the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, the phrase is a translation of the proverbial expression There is no Royal Road to learning. This phrase is leg endarily attributed to Euclid, who is said to have used it in reply to a kings need for an easier way to learn geometry. A Persian Royal Road genuinely existed it was a 1677-mile long highway stretching, in modern terms, from the center of Iran to northern Turkey. To get from the starting point to the end of the highway 13 is believed to have taken over 90 days on foot, but only a week by horse (Herodotus 1889, 213).By metaphorizing the process of learning geometry as a lengthy journey, the claim that a Royal Road did not exist not only signified that there was no shortcut but also that even a king could not make one, as the Persian kings had make the Royal Road. It is interesting to note that patronage long survival and overuse, the metaphor retains an appeal for speakers of many languages and is free used. sluice Sigmund Freud famously described dreams as Royal Road to the unconscious in The Interpretation of Dreams, 1889 1998. In the context of Japanese culture, however, th ere are many expressions where learning is understood in terms of a journey.The reason for this is because the metaphor LEARNING IS A JOURNEY is a more salient vaunt in the Japanese language. The following are commonly used expressions of the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor in Japanese (4) a. manabi no miti o aruku learning GEN road ACC walk (vb) Walk the way of learning b. manabi no miti-annai learning GEN guidepost A guidepost of learning 14 c. manabi no sen-ri no miti learning GEN thousand-ri GEN road The thousand-ri way of learning d. manabi no miti ni wa owari wa nai learning GEN the way LOC cover song end TOP non-existent There is no end in the way of learning The examples in (4) shows that a metaphorical noun phrase ? path modified by learning can be used in the various expressions. In every case, learning is understood in terms of a journey, and it is clear that the learner is a traveler in pursuit of knowledge. The purpose of the journey is for the traveler to reach a desired destination, more specifically, acquiring knowledge. In these examples, learning relates to journey in the sense that the traveler will leave his or her known environment and venture into an unknown place where new discoveries will be made.In example (4a) the traveler is selfpropelled. That is to say, the travelers volition is the vehicle. The expression is probably used in situations where the person using the phrase is still in the progress of acquiring knowledge. Example (4b) illustrates a situation where the learner (traveler) makes use of available resources to alleviate the impediments of reaching the destination (acquiring knowledge). For instance, a traveler will often make use of guideposts as a guide for reaching the desired destination. Similarly, the learner will often rely on teachers, books, 15 r the like to guide them to acquiring knowledge. (4c) illustrates a situation where acquiring knowledge is an arduous task, and it compares this difficulty of attainin g knowledge to long aloofness travel. (4d) is a common expression saying that there is no end to learning. Again, we know that all of these expressions are metaphorical because none of them would make sense literally. More examples are provided in (5) (5) a. zyoodoo become road (the way) completing the path of becoming a Buddha b. zyuudoo gentleness road (the way) judo c, aiki syuutoku e no miti aiki encyclopedism -to GEN road (the way) The way to aikido acquisition According to the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, zyoodoo is Buddhist terminology that refers to either the moment a Bodhisattva becomes a Buddha after completing certain 16 practices and attains enlightenment, or the time Shakyamuni became enlightened sitting under the Bo tree. This Sino-Japanese term in its literal sense originally meant to attain the way. Zyoodoo is metaphorical inasmuch as it referred in the first instance to the historical Buddha but could because refer to someone else becoming a Buddha this was no dou bt borrowed from a preexisting metaphor use in Chinese.In the case of judo, as shown in (5b), we know that this is in fact a native Japanese noun coined in the Meiji period by the scholar Kano Jigoro (Watson 2008, xv). Before this coinage, this style of fighting was referred to as zyuzyutsu. Which makes sense since soldierlike arts terminology prior to the Meiji period generally used the affix ? zyutu art, means, technique instead of the suffix ? doo. Zyuzyutsu was a brutal method of blossom handed combat that Kano felt was too violent for the modern age. Thus, in the interest of safety and practicality, he turned it into a sport under the name judo.The new institution Kodokan that he opened in capital of Japan was, in his eyes, a place where one is guided along a road to follow in life (Watson 2008, xvi). It must be the case that he applied the suffix doo due to the fact that the metaphorical connotations it carried was appropriate for his philosophy2. The example in (5c) is a title of a book pen by Kimura Tatsuo, a mathematics professor at the University of Tsukuba and an aikido enthusiast, about the art of aikido. Syuutoku e no miti generally means the road to acquiring. This phrase is often used to modify the nominal it follows.Thus, aiki syuutoku e no miti in its metaphorical sense means the road to gaining knowledge about aikido. 2 galore(postnominal) other traditional arts and martial arts employed the suffix doo (e. g. kendoo kendo, kyuudoo archery, sadoo tea ceremony, way of tea). 17 The reason for the many LEARNING IS A JOURNEY expressions arising in the Japanese language is attributed to an earlier enchant from the Chinese classic Daodejing of Laozi. The Chinese word dao (road, way ? ) has long had strong metaphorical connotation of spiritual path or way. When the oanword and character were adopted in Japanese in the 1st millennium CE, along with them came the connotation. As stated earlier, learning is understood in part by the journey metaphor. Since this thought is crucial to the formation of the meaning, we see an abundance of words whose meanings are shaped by this metaphor. Take the native Japanese verb mitibiku to guide to lead to show the way, for example. It is a compound word of ? miti and hiku to lead, pull. This word has gone(a) from the literal meaning based on the meaning of components miti and hiku.We can see this from the following excerpt pen by the Japanese poet, Yamanoue no Okura in the Manyoshu (6) moromoro no oomikami-tati hunanohe ni mitibiki moosi various NOM god PLUR prow LOC guide request Various gods, I request you to guide this ship by its prow The literal meaning based on the components of the word cannot be applied here however, the metaphorical extension of the meaning can be applied. According to the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, the word has come to mean guide at least since the 8th 18 century, as we can tell from its use in the excerpt.The definition provided here is not the literal m eaning, but the metaphorical. The fact that a metaphorical extension has been added to the literal meaning of the word, illustrates how a new metaphorical connotation may be incorporated into the original literal meaning of a word. In the case of , what probably happened was that the literal meaning it was originally associated with was bleached out over time, and took on the metaphorical meaning as its dominant meaning. Through these examples, we have seen that the journey metaphor has a meaningful role in the Japanese language. Since the expressions provided n this section are highly idiomatic, in most cases, a word for word rendering of the expressions may not intuitively make sense for the non-native speakers of Japanese. However, that does not take forward the fact that the expressions in question surfaces from the same underlying metaphor. There are cases where both languages have an expression that serves the same purpose but the lexical matching is not quite the same, and there are cases where lexical matchings will be nearly exact. On the other hand, we have also seen how it is practical for a metaphor to be more salient in one language than in the other.These examples illustrate just how a metaphor common to both languages can manifest itself differently. 4. Languacultures and Rich Points To better understand the similarities and differences of the journey metaphor used in the English and Japanese language, I would like to present the concepts 19 languaculture and rich points introduced by Michael Agar in his book Language Shock. Languaculture refers to the notion that a system of conventionalized symbols, sounds, gestures, or the like used by a particular community for communication cannot be understood without also knowing the conventional behaviors and beliefs of that community.Therefore, he argues, it is indispensable to tie the concept of language and culture together whenever talking about language (Agar 1994, 60). Rich point refers to a m oment when a person is at a languacultural interface and encounters a difference in the ways of communication from his or her cultural assumptions3. Let us look at the study of junkies by Agar to illustrate this example of rich points. Junkie is a term often used to refer to heroine addicts. During his two-year service in the U. S. Public Health Service, Agar worked to supporter treat heroin addicts.As a linguist, he started on a collection of terms used by the addicts. What he found peculiar about the collection of terms was that even though they spoke the same language as he did, they made use of certain words that was unique to the junkies. For example, the process of injecting heroin would be described in different terms by junkies, as oppose to people with background in the medical field. The premedical student will most likely begin describing the process like the following, Well, you first take this hypodermic syringe, and then while the junkie will say, First, you take t he industrial plant, and then According to Agar, the heroin users he met during his service used what is referred to as the works to inject heroin an assembly of the top of a baby babys dummy fastened onto an eyedropper with a needle slipped over its narrow end and a gasket of thread or paper to hold it tight. For this reason, the term works is 3 The term languaculture refers to the notion that the use of language differs with respect to its culture. Therefore, differences in language use also occur within a language by various other subcultures. 0 generally used in their culture to refer to the instrument used for injecting heroin. straightway, suppose a context where two junkies are walking up the stairs in a building. Here is what they say (7) Say man, you got your works with you? Yeah, theyre right here in my pocket. Dont worry about it. (Agar 1994, 90) After learning what the term works refers to, an ordinary person may infer that this is a situation where a junkie inqui res another to make sure he has the necessary equipment for getting intoxicated. However, that was not the reason for their change over.Instead, they were concerned about the possibility of an sureness being in the proximity. Since the possession of this instrument justifies arrest, the junkies were concerned because they were confined in an enclosed space an enclosed space does not have much room to run or get unloosen of the evidence. The reason for the exchange quoted above is that one junkie is worried about the possibility of an chest being in the proximity, and the other reassured that he could get rid of the instrument quickly if an authoritative figure were to appear, since they are right in his pocket.This sort of encounter that arises from ones languacultural assumptions is what Agar refers to rich points. Human beings have much in common all over the world, so similarities in languacultures are numerous and expected, at least for people vitality in similar ecological circumstances. However, occasionally an unexpected use of language will arise which reflects a difference between the underlying conceptual systems between the two languacultures. These conspicuous differences found in the 21 way two languacultures talk about the same or similar real-world facts and events reveal how they are structured.Having established these points, we can now see the similarities and differences that can be understood in terms of languaculture and rich point. As we have seen, the journey metaphor in Japanese languaculture is similar in many reckon to that of the English languaculture. A person of the English languaculture can apply many similar uses of the journey metaphor used in his language to give messages in Japanese. However, once we took a look at the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor, we noticed that there is some underlying difference between the two systems of languacultures.This rich point shows that the journey metaphor used in the Japanese languacul ture is not always congruent to its uses in the English languaculture, more precisely that the conceptual metaphor LEARNING IS A JOURNEY is a much more salient feature of the Japanese languaculture. The reason why this rich point stands out to the English speaking community is precisely because we place a higher emphasis on knowledge as an entity that can be acquired. Take for example common English expressions like I was hunting for the facts, I had to track that down, he won his ground level at Oxford. The emphasis for these examples is that knowledge is something to be collected, whereas in Japanese, they place a stronger emphasis on knowledge as something that is to be transmitted to the learner through the process of engaging in the act, as we have seen in the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY examples. 22 5. Pilgrimages in Japan Now that we have made this point that the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor is a more prominent feature of Japanese languaculture than English languaculture, let us see how it relates to observations we make about English and Japanese behavioral culture.For one, pilgrimages are loaded with rich points. As we can tell from such classical literary works like Heike monogatari and Sarashina nikki, pilgrimages have been an important religious practice for the Japanese people from at least the Heian period. Although it was originally an drear practice, all classes of people were allowed to go on pilgrimages by the time of the capital of Japan period (Vaporis 2008, 165). delinquent to the development of a national infrastructure provided with lodging, towns, and horses, this period of rest allowed for the masses to travel comfortably in search of spiritual fulfillment.The commoners were permitted to travel by the authorities as long as they were going on a pilgrimage or had familial purposes. Among the many temples and shrines in Japan, the amount of people making pilgrimages to the Ise shrine increased rapidly. The Ise shrine is a Shinto shrine de dicated to the goddess Amaterasu in the city of Ise in Mie prefecture. Since antediluvian patriarch times, the festivals and offerings of the Ise shrine has been scheduled based on the cycle of agriculture. People would go to Ise to give thanks to the kami and pray for a plentiful harvest. ()The desire to make a pilgrimage to Ise Shrine, at least once in ones life was universal among Japanese people of the day. The people who have had the opportunity to undertake the pilgrimage would share the things that they had seen and heard on the 23 journey. These travelers tales inspired others to undertake the journey, in a cycle that perpetuated the legendary status of the Ise pilgrimage as something that everyone should do at least once in their lives. The Edo period is often referred to as a time of peace and stability in Japan, and as such the people had the means and vacuous time to pursue their aesthetic enjoyment.To explain, Tokugawa ideology grouped higher cultural attainments into two categories, bu and bun, military and literary arts. A gentleman of the time were expected to show interest in bun, more so than bu. Bun embraced reading and writing, Chinese thought, poetry, memorial and literary productions, noh dance and drama, tea ceremony, and other customary arts (Totman 1993, 186). Once one has acquired considerable skill in the art of pursuit, they would often go on a pilgrimage to learn more about the art and methods used in distant places. Thus, pilgrimages were an important learning experience for the Japanese people.Take the renowned haiku poet Matsuo Basho for example. In his travel diary Oku no hoso miti (Keene 1996), Basho journeys on foot to see the sites that had inspired famous poets earlier him. He knew the mend of the places the poems described, and it was important for him to get a direct experience with the inspiration the poets must have felt when composing their poem. Bashos descriptions of the places he visited, many of which were at shrines and temples, were significant not just because the sites were awe-inspiring, but because of the legends and poems associated with the locations.Like the poems that inspired Basho to take on the journey, his own work have in turn inspired others to travel and learn about the places he talk about from a first hand experience. 24 Sangaku pilgrimages are another example. Sangaku are geometrical puzzles written on wooden tablets, which were placed as offerings at Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines. In Japan, it is fairly natural to hang wooden tablets at shrines and temples for centuries before sangaku came into existence, worshippers would bring gifts like the sort to local shrines. The kami, it was said, loved horses, but horses were expensive.So a worshipper who could not afford to offer a living one, offered a horse drawn on a piece wood instead. In fact, many tablets from the fifteenth century and earlier depict horses (Fukagawa & Rothman 2008, 8). However, there was also a practical purpose in hanging the tablets. Ordinary people at the time could not afford to publish books with their novel numerical problems. Therefore, as an alternative solution to gain recognition, they took up the ancient custom of bringing votive tablets to temples and began to hang sangaku to advertise their work (Fukagawa & Rothman 2008, 21).Just like the poets who would travel for the sake of knowledge and experience, a number of geometers including Hodoji dosage, and Sakuma Yoken took sangaku pilgrimages to teach mathematics, encourage amateurs and lovers of geometry, and to hang and see previously hung sangaku in temples around the country. Among these itinerants was Yamaguchi Kanzan, a mathematician from the school of Hasegawa Hiroshi. In his journeys, he recorded a substantial travel diary that describes the sights, meetings with friends and other mathematicians, and the sangaku, problems he came across.With many distant mathematicians, he has discussed new technical m ethods of solution mathematical problems. If you buy this book, he claimed, then you will be able to know and obtain without traveling the new technical 25 methods of declaration problems of far-away mathematicians (Fukagawa & Rothman 2008, 244). () Pilgrimages were an important method of self-cultivation for people from all walks for life, with interests ranging from martial arts to moral philosophy. There are many reasons for the rise in popularity of pilgrimages, but it is probably the case that the roots of this trend come from window pane Buddhism.The floor of Zen begins in Japan with the samurai class of Kamakura. Zen Buddhism had little incident of becoming popular in Heian period Kyoto due to the strong ambition of the older schools of Buddhism. Where as in Kamakura, there were no such difficulties. Due to its philosophical and moral nature, Zen appealed greatly to the military classes (Suzuki 1959, 60). As the samurais became a new force in politics, they brought with them the newly embraced religion to the court.This in turn had significant influence in not only the court, but through general cultural life of the Japanese people all the way to the Edo period. Buddhist models inspired many of these pilgrimages that we see throughout history. The prototypical pilgrimages example in Japan is when Zen priests go on angya pilgrimage , which literally means, to go on foot. Historically, angya referred to the common practice of Zen monks and nuns travelling from master to master, or monastery to monastery, in search of someone to practice Zen with (Baroni 2002, 8).So pilgrimages in Japan took the introduction of Buddhism, which later became associated with prominent Chinese cultures like Daoism, as we can tell from the various pilgrims mentioned earlier. The interesting thing about it is that this religious practice of undertaking a pilgrimage as a method of self-cultivation is emulated by 26 various other disciplines like the ones mentioned in exam ple (5). It is also interesting to note the varying degree of prominence the intellectual journey has in the context of Japanese culture as opposed to the anglophone culture.Although the concept of an intellectual journey exists in the English-speaking world (e. g. visiting national parks, field trips etc. ), it is not quite as common or close to everyday consciousness as it is in Japan. The lack of explicit metaphors that reflect the notion of LEARNING IS A JOURNEY in English languaculture suggests a correlation of this difference with cultural behavior. The question then arises, what is the nature of the correlation between the observations we make in the linguistic and non-linguistic behavior we see about the Japanese?Is it the fact pilgrimages have had played a big role in the history of Japanese culture that because of the metaphorical bias of LEARNING IS A JOURNEY? Or is the causal relation the other way around? Or is there some third explanation? The main reason for the corr elation we find between these two types of behavior is probably not a direct causal relationship between the two. Instead, the impact of Daoism and Buddhism on Japanese thought have probably played a role in making both the metaphor and the pilgrimage behavior prominent in Japan.This is indicated by the fact that many pilgrimages were inspired by Buddhist models, which also had a great impact on vocabulary and the content of literature the relationship therefore seems the result of a common set of historical circumstances affecting both linguistic and non-linguistic behaviors. Both are an expression of this influence. 6. Concluding remarks 27 In this paper, I have given a contrastive analysis of the role the journey metaphor plays in the English and Japanese languages.I have argued that although there are many similarities in the use of the journey metaphor in the two languages, there also are remarkable differences in that the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor is a much more salient f eature of the Japanese language. Based on the concepts languaculture and rich points, I have attempted to show that the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY metaphor is a locus of an important rich point in Japanese culture, in the sense that it is an underlying conceptual metaphor, which manifests itself in both the linguistic and nonlinguistic behavior of the Japanese culture.To illustrate how this decision might be applied to non-linguistic behavior, I have also examined the result of pilgrimages. It seems that the correlation between the salience of the metaphor and pilgrimages are due to a common set of historical causes it does not seem to be the case that the salience of the metaphor was caused by the practice of pilgrimages or vice versa. A contrastive analysis of metaphorical conceptualization proves to be a effectual method when examining behavioral differences between two cultures.Further research of this kind should help understand similarities and differences in cultural cognition, linguistics, sociology, and ideology. 28 Work Cited Agar, Michael. 1994. Language Shock Understanding the Culture of Conversation. New York William Morrow and Company, Inc. Baroni, Helen. 2002. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. New York The Rosen create Group, Inc. Deutscher, Guy. 2010. Through the Language Glass Why the World Looks Different In Other Languages. New York Metropolitan Books Frellesvig, Bjarke. 2010.A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Freud, Sigmund. 1889 1998. The Interpretation of Dreams. Trans. James Strachey. New York Avon. Fukagawa, Hidetoshi & Rothman, Tony. 2008. Sacred Mathematics Japanese Temple Geometry. Princeton Princeton University Press. Keene, Donald. 1996. The Narrow Road to Oku. Tokyo Kodansha International Ltd. Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark. 1979. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago University of Chicago Press 29 Herodotus. 1889. The History of Herodotus A New English Version.Trans. Rawlinson, George, Raw linson, Henry, & Wilkinson, John. New York D. Appleton and Company Suzuki, Daisetz. 1959. Zen and Japanese Culture. Princeton Princeton University Press Totman, Conrad. 1993. Early advanced(a) Japan. Berkley and Los Angeles University of California Press Vaporis, Constantine. 2008. electrical circuit of Duty Samurai, Military Service In Edo, and The Culture of Early Modern Japan. Hawaii University of Hawaii Press Watson, Brian N. 2008. Judo Memoirs of Jigoro Kano. Victoria Trafford Publishing 30

Opening Act of Othello Essay

Othellos opening scene has an overall negative impact on the audience in the form of grogginess as some preferably petroleum voice communication such as zounds, tush, Sblood opens the play. This scene sets the laying claim for the play and tells us of Othello and Desdemonas elopement, and the betrayal of Brabantio. The opening scene occurs at nightfall to a conversation between two men Roderigo and Iago on a street outside the house of Brabantio, a human who, unbekn suffer to his, has just lost his daughter to a man, a general, he does non approve of.The nightfall of the opening scene created the air of mystery and iniquity and is quite expository in regards to the character, Iago. The night is a time where about(predicate) tragedy occurs and Iago distorts the truth and begins his crusade against Othello by revealing his plan to Roderigo, a man who is infatuated with Brabantios daughter, Desdemona. The night withal exposes Desdemonas hurt doing in the betrayal of her ge nerate by marrying someone who has not asked her pose, and thereof has not been disposed(p) permission, to marry her.When Iago and Roderigo tell Brabantio of Desdemonas betrayal it is through with(p) so in a rather cruel and dramatic elbow room and shocks the audience. This creates a sense of pity in regards to Brabantio who, not only learns of this betrayal, save also suffers because of the way in which he was told. Iago orders Roderigo to summon Brabantio to poison his delight, and he is summoned to the street in a form of disruption coming from Iago and Roderigo shouting that he has been robbed. Awake What, ho, Brabantio Thieves, thieves // Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags The reveal is conducted in a crude manner especially within the language utilise by Iago Zounds, sir, y be robbed an old black ram // Is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise these lines pot be seen as the intimately striking of some animalistic images into which Iagos speech habitual ly lies. It can also demonstrate Iagos views on atypical human desires as well as relationships. Although Iago appears to despise the bind and any thought regarding a union between he and Brabantios daughter, there is also an impression that Iago is relishing in the betrayal as well as contemn the action. And this opens the audience to this despising regarding the Moor.Roderigo refuses to believe Iago once told of Desdemonas, the woman he is infatuated with and even asked her father for her hand in coupling, elopement with the Moor and reveals that he is quite nave. He doesnt believe any body else is fit to marry her and so does not believe that Othello is serious enough. Brabantio is angry in a contrary way as he feels betrayed and robbed. In Elizabethan times, marrying a mans daughter without seeking his permission was seen as a offensive as equally wronged as rape as that was essentially what it was. If the father had not given permission then she was not eligible for anyt hing ultimo marriage.However, Brabantio should be happy for Desdemona as she has, independently, gear up a man she loves who happens to be that of great power and honour rather than existence racially slanting against the Moor. However his anguish is understandable considering the severity of the act and no payoff how much of a charismatic man Othello is, he says words are words. I never did hear // That the bruised affection was pierced through the ear. This translates to besotted that she has betrayed him and she will most definitely betray Othello. Iago uses this to his advantage with regards to his diabolical plan. spoken language cannot bring consolidation to a man who has been betrayed so defiantly.Othellos marriage is a result of his pride and arrogance, his tragical flaw or hubris, something that causes him to compound to violate an important moral law, later on in the play. Also, his deposit is part of his hubris as it is an escalation of his pride and arrogance and this can be show in his speech defending his marriage to Desdemona and why he didnt ask for permission in Act 1 picture 3. His tragic error, or hamartia, is not revealed to the audience in so many words, however, the audience knows that Iago cannot be trusted and he is referred to, in Act 1 nerve 3, as A man he is of honesty and trust by Othello himself so therefore, the audience can conclude that this is his hamartia.Iago is introduced as a confidant amongst the hierarchy, including Othello, who has not yet been physically introduced, and isnt until Act 1 Scene 2, but is verbally referred to in a racial and gibelike manner mere prattle without practice and isnt referred to by let out but by him or he. This is the first time we see Iago as a sinister and two faced, much like Janus, the Roman graven image with two faces mentioned on line 32 of Act 1 Scene 2. His short monologue at the beginning of the scene shows his first contraindication as he doesnt respect Othello the w ay he claims to off-capped.Othellos incoming in not physical but is referred to indirectly but Iago and Roderigo. in substitute mentions him by name but do, however, mention him through his status and their complete disregard for his authority. This is due to Iago being passed over for the promotion to be Othellos lieutenant in favour of Michael Cassio, a Florentine //, (A fellow almost damned in a fair married woman). A quite obscure, misogynistic comment, in the sense that Cassio does not appear to be married and if fair wife were to mean pretty woman then Iago may simply be suggesting that Cassios fondness of women could be his downfall. A tragic element in regards to Othello as this later results in Cassios murder at the hand of Othello this is seen as Universalism or Apocalyptism where everything seems to fall apart.Othellos physical entrance in Act 1 Scene 2 is described as having a Calm dignity and is in deep contrast to his verbal trigger in Act 1 Scene 1. This seems to establish him as a hero and prepares the audience from his tragic fall from grace. Therefore the shoplifter is established.Unfortunately, racism was an issue in Shakespearean times and Blacks and Whites werent seen as the equals they are today. Roderigo demonstrated the difference between times by being deliberately offensive in a racist comment about Othello think-lips.Throughout the opening act there are many monologues given by Iago. These put fear into the audience as we know what he is dismission to do but how will his plan come fruition? These monologues give us as an audience an insight into the future and allows us to create our own theories regarding Iagos plan. Theres a smorgasbord of irony within the fact that he reveals all of this to the audience as in the first scene of Act one he says the ill-famed line But I will never wear my core group upon my sleeve // For daws to peck at I am not what I am.This biblical reference to exodus shows us that what he portrays is not his current nature. He has specifically said that he would not wear his heart on his sleeve, a metaphor for being too open and caring yet, his soliloquies are eloquent and revealing. This is an important clue into Iagos adjust nature and quite early in the play, however, he remains problematic and is an ever-changing mystery within the play. This is a tragic element used by Shakespeare to keep the audience on their toes, something he was particularly good at as seen in Macbeth Lady Macbeths soliloquy whilst sleep-walking.Iagos monologues also give us an insight into his mind that would not be shared with another character. It lets us in to the deception and his wanting strike back over Othello. Insight is given into his intentions, motives and desires regarding his plan and we learn that he is going to accuse Cassio of wooing Desdemona and vice versa to sabotage the marriage of the man that rejected him. He is going to inject the jealousy of Cassio into Othello that will la ter offer to Othello murdering both Cassio and Desdemona. Iago still, however, retains his hold over Roderigo throughout the opening act as he is easily influenced.Domestic tragedy can be found within the marriage reference in Act 1 Scene 3 where Desdemona is first introduced and where Brabantio gives his blessing for her nuptials. The love can be seen as tragic and the whole scene is a rebuttal in regards to Iagos slander of this union. It is revealed that Desdemona was half the wooer which means that she did half of the chasing. There is also a rebuttal of the accusation of witchcraft from Brabantio, as he believed that Desdemona feared to look upon him.Shakespeare uses a number of tragic elements in order to both shock and excite the audience. These include the Hamartia, Hubris, soliloquy and domestic tragedy. These are incorporated amongst the language in which the dialogue is written and also has a lot to do with the actors chosen to portray the roles of each character as each has their own flaw or quirk. Shakespeare incorporates these in numerous ways but most cleverly with Iago.